{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3189054838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3103211","title":"Deep Learning for Human Activity Recognition Based on Causality Feature Extraction","display_name":"Deep Learning for Human Activity Recognition Based on Causality Feature Extraction","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3189054838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3103211","mag":"3189054838"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3103211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3103211","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09509017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09509017.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065842587","display_name":"Yu Min Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-8178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Min Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Honam Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-8178","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honam Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690662","display_name":"Sangjun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4975-042X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangjun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Honam Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honam Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039442034","display_name":"Hyung Ok Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyung Ok Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Honam Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honam Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026622294","display_name":"Seok\u2010Kap Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9218-7236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seok-Kap Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Honam Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honam Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000650888","display_name":"Byung\u2010Tak Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-4561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byung-Tak Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Honam Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honam Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5524,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8508895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"112257","last_page":"112275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7614281177520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.7269099354743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7074994444847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5679855346679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.5594992637634277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44589686393737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.44354015588760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4238317608833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.4149933159351349}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7614281177520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.7269099354743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7074994444847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5679855346679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5594992637634277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44589686393737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44354015588760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4238317608833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4149933159351349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3103211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3103211","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09509017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f4a320e741134b7baf719792b385a092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f4a320e741134b7baf719792b385a092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 112257-112275 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3103211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3103211","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09509017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1330983501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01861","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3189054838.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3189054838.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1638512605","https://openalex.org/W1969752788","https://openalex.org/W1984122194","https://openalex.org/W1987522330","https://openalex.org/W1997718099","https://openalex.org/W2023302299","https://openalex.org/W2024629858","https://openalex.org/W2028035735","https://openalex.org/W2034281151","https://openalex.org/W2041782669","https://openalex.org/W2046512114","https://openalex.org/W2067348345","https://openalex.org/W2092877006","https://openalex.org/W2126472861","https://openalex.org/W2126552603","https://openalex.org/W2135090840","https://openalex.org/W2164962778","https://openalex.org/W2168127577","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2224814748","https://openalex.org/W2243012843","https://openalex.org/W2247209766","https://openalex.org/W2270470215","https://openalex.org/W2312556800","https://openalex.org/W2440509458","https://openalex.org/W2508133116","https://openalex.org/W2521844958","https://openalex.org/W2532497102","https://openalex.org/W2536293770","https://openalex.org/W2556401921","https://openalex.org/W2574406435","https://openalex.org/W2577415454","https://openalex.org/W2586262377","https://openalex.org/W2598391117","https://openalex.org/W2609990675","https://openalex.org/W2620456568","https://openalex.org/W2625022521","https://openalex.org/W2735195636","https://openalex.org/W2736324721","https://openalex.org/W2738593047","https://openalex.org/W2746958487","https://openalex.org/W2753969215","https://openalex.org/W2759690896","https://openalex.org/W2766419757","https://openalex.org/W2766669256","https://openalex.org/W2767357178","https://openalex.org/W2790762320","https://openalex.org/W2802458084","https://openalex.org/W2886410470","https://openalex.org/W2897573886","https://openalex.org/W2898388504","https://openalex.org/W2906755462","https://openalex.org/W2921732346","https://openalex.org/W2945061994","https://openalex.org/W2953912115","https://openalex.org/W2962822503","https://openalex.org/W2963221612","https://openalex.org/W2968893289","https://openalex.org/W2981416695","https://openalex.org/W3100013286","https://openalex.org/W3119759629","https://openalex.org/W3157030441","https://openalex.org/W3167023447","https://openalex.org/W3175101164","https://openalex.org/W6735139144","https://openalex.org/W6786850284"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081494945","https://openalex.org/W2389053294","https://openalex.org/W1970893504","https://openalex.org/W4312071518","https://openalex.org/W2901208600","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W1677090476","https://openalex.org/W830525666","https://openalex.org/W2330229995","https://openalex.org/W3014724311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,171],"novel":[3],"data-driven":[4],"feature":[5,85],"extraction":[6],"approach":[7,52,219],"based":[8,126,183],"on":[9,127,184],"direct":[10,90],"causality":[11,84,131],"and":[12,25,32,132,166,175,192,205,227],"fuzzy":[13,124,133],"temporal":[14],"windows":[15],"(FTWs)":[16],"to":[17,41,93,123,140],"improve":[18,221],"the":[19,27,42,50,56,66,72,80,83,89,95,103,113,130,149,153,185,198,212,217,222,229,233],"precision":[20,223],"of":[21,29,44,58,71,79,98,112,118,144,152,170,173,211,224],"human":[22],"activity":[23,225],"recognition":[24,226],"mitigate":[26,228],"problems":[28,230],"easily-confused":[30],"activities":[31,70],"unlabeled":[33,236],"data,":[34,82,115],"which":[35,101],"significantly":[36],"degrade":[37],"classification":[38],"performance":[39],"owing":[40],"correlation":[43],"labeled":[45],"data.":[46,76,237],"In":[47,77,110,215],"recognizing":[48],"activities,":[49],"proposed":[51,218],"not":[53],"only":[54],"considers":[55,65],"importance":[57],"oncoming":[59,81],"short-term":[60,158],"sensor":[61,75,108],"data":[62,120],"but":[63],"also":[64],"continuity":[67],"from":[68],"past":[69],"preceding":[73,114],"long-term":[74],"terms":[78,111],"is":[86],"extracted":[87],"using":[88],"transfer":[91],"entropy":[92],"determine":[94],"unique":[96],"pattern":[97],"an":[99],"activity,":[100],"represents":[102],"quantified":[104],"causal":[105],"relationship":[106],"between":[107],"activations.":[109],"several":[116],"hours":[117],"historical":[119],"are":[121,135],"compressed":[122],"features":[125,134,143],"FTWs.":[128],"Subsequently,":[129],"fused":[136,154],"by":[137,202],"matrix":[138],"multiplication":[139],"express":[141],"distinct":[142],"activities.":[145],"To":[146],"effectively":[147],"learn":[148],"spatiotemporal":[150],"dependencies":[151],"feature,":[155],"deep":[156],"long":[157],"memory":[159],"(LSTM),":[160],"two-dimensional":[161],"convolutional":[162],"neural":[163],"network":[164],"(2D-CNN),":[165],"hybrid":[167],"models":[168],"composed":[169],"combination":[172],"LSTM":[174],"CNN":[176],"were":[177,200],"used.":[178],"Leave-one-day-out":[179],"cross-validation":[180],"was":[181],"performed":[182],"CASAS":[186],"open":[187],"datasets,":[188],"including":[189],"Aruba,":[190],"Cairo,":[191],"Milan.":[193],"The":[194],"results":[195],"showed":[196],"that":[197],"macro-F1-scores":[199],"improved":[201],"16.4,":[203],"37.5,":[204],"18.5%,":[206],"respectively,":[207],"compared":[208],"with":[209,232],"those":[210],"FTW-only":[213],"environments.":[214],"addition,":[216],"could":[220],"associated":[231],"environments":[234],"containing":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}