{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3190447179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102892","title":"Swarm-Based Optimization of Final Arrival Segments Considering the UAS Integration in the National Airspace System","display_name":"Swarm-Based Optimization of Final Arrival Segments Considering the UAS Integration in the National Airspace System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3190447179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102892","mag":"3190447179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102892","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09508434.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09508434.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049169545","display_name":"Euclides Carlos Pinto Neto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-6391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Euclides Carlos Pinto Neto","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Poli-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-6391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Poli-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083502389","display_name":"Derick Moreira Baum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1988-6991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derick Moreira Baum","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Poli-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1988-6991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Poli-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013321718","display_name":"Jorge Rady de Almeida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3839-4570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Rady De Almeida","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Poli-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3839-4570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Poli-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024866712","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Batista Camargo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5098-6769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao Batista Camargo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Poli-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5098-6769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Poli-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032411091","display_name":"Paulo S\u00e9rgio Cugnasca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-4667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Sergio Cugnasca","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Poli-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-4667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Poli-USP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049169545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0948,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89362656,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"112372","last_page":"112387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11599","display_name":"Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-traffic-control","display_name":"Air traffic control","score":0.7601739168167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-airspace-system","display_name":"National Airspace System","score":0.7579294443130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6056366562843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.5464767217636108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separation","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","score":0.4530368745326996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.4254404306411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-efficiency","display_name":"Operational efficiency","score":0.4181508421897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3789520859718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.365326464176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33905526995658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2370826005935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.1825772225856781}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166961238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221395","display_name":"Air traffic control","level":2,"score":0.7601739168167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780722376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6970266","display_name":"National Airspace System","level":3,"score":0.7579294443130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6056366562843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.5464767217636108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451805","display_name":"Separation (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4530368745326996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.4254404306411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778964270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7097774","display_name":"Operational efficiency","level":2,"score":0.4181508421897888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3789520859718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.365326464176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33905526995658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2370826005935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1825772225856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102892","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09508434.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:003208070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3102892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"instacron:USP","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0b9d0ca6e80c4115b8080d31e43cf1bf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0b9d0ca6e80c4115b8080d31e43cf1bf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 112372-112387 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102892","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09508434.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306077","display_name":"Boeing","ror":"https://ror.org/04sm5zn07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323339","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3190447179.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3190447179.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132124879","https://openalex.org/W316935178","https://openalex.org/W580844488","https://openalex.org/W615653766","https://openalex.org/W1459324833","https://openalex.org/W1577297395","https://openalex.org/W1596688670","https://openalex.org/W1925428099","https://openalex.org/W1976357399","https://openalex.org/W2037602723","https://openalex.org/W2042829389","https://openalex.org/W2062634316","https://openalex.org/W2062848618","https://openalex.org/W2074647001","https://openalex.org/W2145113795","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2186624212","https://openalex.org/W2203759609","https://openalex.org/W2291579102","https://openalex.org/W2332457919","https://openalex.org/W2337932446","https://openalex.org/W2339271434","https://openalex.org/W2340515022","https://openalex.org/W2464890187","https://openalex.org/W2499367854","https://openalex.org/W2513895815","https://openalex.org/W2541780872","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2547796183","https://openalex.org/W2550971921","https://openalex.org/W2560132651","https://openalex.org/W2562938470","https://openalex.org/W2594963174","https://openalex.org/W2744241331","https://openalex.org/W2982847853","https://openalex.org/W3001995063","https://openalex.org/W3003631406","https://openalex.org/W3037952385","https://openalex.org/W3136047499","https://openalex.org/W3145492107","https://openalex.org/W4229652772","https://openalex.org/W6619280996","https://openalex.org/W6666355783","https://openalex.org/W6687012074"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147065002","https://openalex.org/W2096087509","https://openalex.org/W2101513846","https://openalex.org/W2232320607","https://openalex.org/W2155329577","https://openalex.org/W2340617369","https://openalex.org/W2766952989","https://openalex.org/W2123753634","https://openalex.org/W3023198791","https://openalex.org/W2091356965"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,30,42,64,74,87,100,110,137,161,165,172,184,216,222],"past":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"there":[5,21],"has":[6],"been":[7],"a":[8,93,121,126,131,146],"growth":[9],"in":[10,16,25,29,56,83,108,130,250],"Unmanned":[11],"Aircraft":[12],"Systems":[13],"(UAS)":[14],"numbers":[15],"segregated":[17],"airspace.":[18],"However,":[19],"although":[20],"is":[22,92,134,143,187,195,203],"an":[23],"interest":[24],"integrating":[26],"large":[27],"UAS":[28,52,211],"National":[31],"Airspace":[32],"System":[33],"(NAS),":[34],"safety":[35],"challenges":[36],"regarding":[37],"this":[38,141,241],"insertion":[39],"arise":[40],"from":[41,189],"inclusion":[43],"of":[44,47,76,78,102,128,140,174,176,210],"new":[45],"ways":[46],"reaching":[48],"unsafe":[49],"states.":[50],"Although":[51],"may":[53,69],"be":[54,114],"used":[55],"different":[57,208],"situations":[58,251],"and":[59,199,232,246],"brings":[60],"several":[61],"advantages":[62],"to":[63,73,113,116,144,164,197,205],"airspace":[65,225],"(e.g.,":[66,227],"efficiency),":[67],"it":[68],"bring":[70],"uncertainties":[71],"due":[72],"lack":[75],"familiarity":[77],"Air":[79,103],"Traffic":[80,104],"Controllers":[81],"(ATCos)":[82],"these":[84],"operations.":[85],"Furthermore,":[86,207],"Terminal":[88],"Maneuvering":[89],"Area":[90],"(TMA)":[91],"critical":[94],"control":[95],"area":[96],"generally":[97],"established":[98],"at":[99],"confluence":[101],"Service":[105],"(ATS)":[106],"routes":[107,158],"which":[109],"aircraft":[111,129,153,175,231],"tend":[112],"closer":[115],"each":[117],"other.":[118],"Besides,":[119],"defining":[120],"final":[122,152,162],"arrival":[123,154],"segment":[124,155],"for":[125,150],"set":[127],"complex":[132],"environment":[133],"challenging.":[135],"Thereupon,":[136],"main":[138],"objective":[139],"research":[142],"propose":[145],"parallel":[147],"swarm-based":[148],"method":[149],"optimizing":[151],"design":[156],"(i.e.,":[157],"that":[159,240],"connect":[160],"sector":[163],"Initial":[166],"Approach":[167],"Fix":[168],"-":[169,182],"IAF)":[170],"considering":[171],"presence":[173],"multiple":[177],"Technology":[178,217],"Maturity":[179,218],"Levels":[180,219],"(TML)":[181],"including":[183],"UAS.":[185],"This":[186],"conducted":[188,238],"two":[190],"perspectives:":[191],"ATCo":[192],"workload":[193],"(which":[194,202],"related":[196,204],"safety)":[198],"sequencing":[200],"duration":[201],"efficiency).":[206],"phases":[209],"integration":[212],"are":[213],"considered":[214],"using":[215],"(TMLs).":[220],"Finally,":[221],"solutions":[223],"consider":[224],"restrictions":[226],"minimum":[228],"separation":[229],"between":[230],"bad":[233],"weather":[234],"conditions).":[235],"The":[236],"experiments":[237],"show":[239],"approach":[242],"can":[243],"build":[244],"safe":[245],"efficient":[247],"solutions,":[248],"even":[249],"with":[252],"many":[253],"aircraft.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}