{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192448578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102633","title":"LwTE: Light-Weight Transcoding at the Edge","display_name":"LwTE: Light-Weight Transcoding at the Edge","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192448578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102633","mag":"3192448578"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102633","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09507473.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09507473.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003391107","display_name":"Alireza Erfanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8096-8702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Erfanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8096-8702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063653867","display_name":"Hadi Amirpour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-1720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Amirpour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-1720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037545302","display_name":"Farzad Tashtarian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5584-6690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farzad Tashtarian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057862649","display_name":"Christian Timmerer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-5243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Timmerer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-5243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054727932","display_name":"Hermann Hellwagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1114-2584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Hellwagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1114-2584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Institute of Information Technology (ITEC), Alpen-Adria-Universit\u00e4t Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":1.8293,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86117307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"112276","last_page":"112289"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcoding","display_name":"Transcoding","score":0.967444658279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.851547360420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6873958110809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.635654091835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5641660094261169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5348127484321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.44288310408592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4393444359302521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-post-processing","display_name":"Video post-processing","score":0.4280489385128021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.42021873593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4165303111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.28564977645874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.18420860171318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncompressed-video","display_name":"Uncompressed video","score":0.1771458089351654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-tracking","display_name":"Video tracking","score":0.16074571013450623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11709234118461609}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134535813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888734","display_name":"Transcoding","level":2,"score":0.967444658279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.851547360420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6873958110809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.635654091835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5641660094261169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5348127484321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.44288310408592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4393444359302521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117090137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7927977","display_name":"Video post-processing","level":5,"score":0.4280489385128021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.42021873593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4165303111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28564977645874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.18420860171318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162478608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4011369","display_name":"Uncompressed video","level":4,"score":0.1771458089351654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202474056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931635","display_name":"Video tracking","level":3,"score":0.16074571013450623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11709234118461609}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102633","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09507473.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ff47fe16bc3f4dad81d818e6f0700e53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ff47fe16bc3f4dad81d818e6f0700e53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 112276-112289 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102633","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09507473.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311813","display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Nationalstiftung f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung","ror":"https://ror.org/04hb33h70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323591","display_name":"Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv8h305"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327593","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Digitalisierung und Wirtschaftsstandort","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3192448578.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3192448578.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510633532","https://openalex.org/W1969665649","https://openalex.org/W1983528911","https://openalex.org/W1986697120","https://openalex.org/W2013327377","https://openalex.org/W2078625816","https://openalex.org/W2100595504","https://openalex.org/W2114623221","https://openalex.org/W2146395539","https://openalex.org/W2154851929","https://openalex.org/W2166972046","https://openalex.org/W2197524490","https://openalex.org/W2219413783","https://openalex.org/W2404272329","https://openalex.org/W2521438497","https://openalex.org/W2558517967","https://openalex.org/W2568772110","https://openalex.org/W2619296348","https://openalex.org/W2625237119","https://openalex.org/W2769686021","https://openalex.org/W2889905551","https://openalex.org/W2906364736","https://openalex.org/W2913645831","https://openalex.org/W2949755587","https://openalex.org/W2958104221","https://openalex.org/W2962882352","https://openalex.org/W3016216723","https://openalex.org/W3049393631","https://openalex.org/W3093501204","https://openalex.org/W3109125500","https://openalex.org/W3123221038","https://openalex.org/W3153674394","https://openalex.org/W3156671681","https://openalex.org/W4245377019","https://openalex.org/W6794543724"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386155892","https://openalex.org/W2112319127","https://openalex.org/W2949546778","https://openalex.org/W2106091781","https://openalex.org/W2585896989","https://openalex.org/W1599106346","https://openalex.org/W2376831374","https://openalex.org/W2972682977","https://openalex.org/W2357687769","https://openalex.org/W3154796165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,11,32,112,134,148,170,232,261,264],"the":[2,45,53,77,80,88,96,114,131,136,151,171,179,225,247,256,265],"growing":[3],"demand":[4],"for":[5,17,47,123,142,161,182,212],"video":[6,93,125,163,203],"streaming":[7,215],"services,":[8],"providers":[9],"have":[10,27],"deal":[12],"with":[13],"increasing":[14],"resource":[15],"requirements":[16],"increasingly":[18],"heterogeneous":[19],"environments.":[20],"To":[21],"mitigate":[22],"this":[23,65,166],"problem,":[24],"many":[25],"works":[26],"been":[28],"proposed":[29],"which":[30],"aim":[31],"(":[33],"i)":[34],"improve":[35],"cloud/edge":[36,46],"caching":[37],"efficiency,":[38],"(ii)":[39],"use":[40],"computation":[41,221],"power":[42],"available":[43],"in":[44,79,168,174],"on-the-fly":[48,143,183],"transcoding,":[49],"and":[50,62,127,139,176,220,228,254],"(iii)":[51],"optimize":[52],"trade-off":[54],"among":[55],"various":[56],"cost":[57],"parameters,":[58],"e.g.,":[59],"storage,":[60],"computation,":[61],"bandwidth.":[63],"In":[64,165],"paper,":[66],"we":[67],"propose":[68],"LwTE,":[69],"a":[70,92,186],"novel":[71],"Light-":[72],"weight":[73],"Transcoding":[74],"approach":[75,211,245],"at":[76,95,130,224,251],"Edge,":[78],"context":[81],"of":[82,91,109,117,185],"HTTP":[83],"Adaptive":[84],"Streaming":[85],"(HAS).":[86],"During":[87],"encoding":[89],"process":[90],"segment":[94,188],"origin":[97],"side,":[98],"computationally":[99],"intense":[100],"search":[101,119,198],"processes":[102,120,199],"are":[103,200,205],"going":[104],"on.":[105],"The":[106,240],"main":[107],"idea":[108],"LwTE":[110,145],"is":[111,189],"store":[113,149],"optimal":[115],"results":[116,241],"these":[118],"as":[121],"metadata":[122,156],"each":[124],"bitrate":[126,153],"reuse":[128],"them":[129],"edge":[132,226],"servers":[133,227],"reduce":[135],"required":[137,180],"time":[138,181,249],"computational":[140],"resources":[141],"transcoding.":[144],"enables":[146],"us":[147],"only":[150],"highest":[152],"plus":[154],"corresponding":[155,195],"(of":[157],"very":[158],"small":[159],"size)":[160],"unpopular":[162],"segments/bitrates.":[164],"way,":[167],"addition":[169],"significant":[172],"reduction":[173],"bandwidth":[175],"storage":[177,219],"consumption,":[178],"transcoding":[184,248],"requested":[187],"remarkably":[190],"decreased":[191],"by":[192,217,250,259],"utilizing":[193],"its":[194],"metadata;":[196],"unnecessary":[197],"avoided.":[201],"Popular":[202],"segments/bitrates":[204],"being":[206],"stored.":[207],"We":[208],"investigate":[209],"our":[210,244],"Video-on-Demand":[213],"(VoD)":[214],"services":[216],"optimizing":[218],"(transcoding)":[222],"costs":[223,258],"then":[229],"compare":[230],"it":[231],"conventional":[233],"methods":[234],"(store":[235],"all":[236],"bitrates,":[237],"partial":[238],"transcoding).":[239],"indicate":[242],"that":[243],"reduces":[246],"least":[252],"80%":[253],"decreases":[255],"aforementioned":[257],"12%":[260],"70%":[262],"compared":[263],"state-of-the-art":[266],"approaches.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
