{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3187450518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102308","title":"A Robust Timing and Phase Offset Estimation Technique for CPM-DSSS-Based Secured Communication Link","display_name":"A Robust Timing and Phase Offset Estimation Technique for CPM-DSSS-Based Secured Communication Link","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3187450518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102308","mag":"3187450518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102308","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09505658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09505658.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057967191","display_name":"Saima Shehzadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-5150"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saima Shehzadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-5150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004388918","display_name":"Shahzad Amin Sheikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9714-0189"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahzad Amin Sheikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9714-0189","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015463755","display_name":"Farzana Kulsoom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0382-5724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farzana Kulsoom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0382-5724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008635537","display_name":"Muhammad Zeeshan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1273-8224"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zeeshan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1273-8224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011953958","display_name":"Qasim Umar Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3665-0211"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qasim Umar Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3665-0211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7868,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71099312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"111143","last_page":"111151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-sequence-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","score":0.7319514751434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6671203374862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6615870594978333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-phase-modulation","display_name":"Continuous phase modulation","score":0.6375265717506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-offset","display_name":"Frequency offset","score":0.6271454095840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5728937983512878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrier-frequency-offset","display_name":"Carrier frequency offset","score":0.5486782193183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-offset-carrier-modulation","display_name":"Binary offset carrier modulation","score":0.5309082269668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.5287864804267883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.5157756805419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5151571035385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.5096869468688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.48976826667785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.37781617045402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3270595371723175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2523248791694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.23493966460227966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1948963701725006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1588248312473297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1501818597316742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","score":0.12889444828033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.10810163617134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.10579392313957214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194491627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334354","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","level":4,"score":0.7319514751434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6671203374862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6615870594978333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C343090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165504","display_name":"Continuous phase modulation","level":2,"score":0.6375265717506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49319798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502874","display_name":"Frequency offset","level":4,"score":0.6271454095840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5728937983512878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776108382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25111451","display_name":"Carrier frequency offset","level":5,"score":0.5486782193183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207717533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863505","display_name":"Binary offset carrier modulation","level":5,"score":0.5309082269668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.5287864804267883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5157756805419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5151571035385132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.5096869468688965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.48976826667785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.37781617045402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3270595371723175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2523248791694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.23493966460227966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1948963701725006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1588248312473297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1501818597316742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.12889444828033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.10810163617134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.10579392313957214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102308","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09505658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c153d235e43e4c95b3cbd6a2e56e4140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c153d235e43e4c95b3cbd6a2e56e4140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 111143-111151 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102308","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09505658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187450518.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187450518.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99628326","https://openalex.org/W591205089","https://openalex.org/W1979637873","https://openalex.org/W2032039676","https://openalex.org/W2087948492","https://openalex.org/W2092604606","https://openalex.org/W2125796841","https://openalex.org/W2141661753","https://openalex.org/W2143338210","https://openalex.org/W2144973023","https://openalex.org/W2145171898","https://openalex.org/W2159706362","https://openalex.org/W2162706090","https://openalex.org/W2172082549","https://openalex.org/W2241654553","https://openalex.org/W2294688254","https://openalex.org/W2467173799","https://openalex.org/W2502061084","https://openalex.org/W2612219498","https://openalex.org/W2773467579","https://openalex.org/W2794242421","https://openalex.org/W2803685458","https://openalex.org/W2959798886","https://openalex.org/W2963638596","https://openalex.org/W2967046858","https://openalex.org/W2974534398","https://openalex.org/W2984006260","https://openalex.org/W2985986928","https://openalex.org/W3010848374","https://openalex.org/W3015290027","https://openalex.org/W3021474760","https://openalex.org/W3099927319","https://openalex.org/W3128611524","https://openalex.org/W4242967641","https://openalex.org/W6685319256","https://openalex.org/W6777265710","https://openalex.org/W6824501653"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2110234499","https://openalex.org/W2009917300","https://openalex.org/W2353977159","https://openalex.org/W3175192043","https://openalex.org/W2068304403","https://openalex.org/W3080284048","https://openalex.org/W2163799874","https://openalex.org/W2115845017","https://openalex.org/W2540911486","https://openalex.org/W2117214663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"Phase":[1],"Modulation-Direct":[2],"Sequence":[3],"Spread":[4],"Spectrum":[5],"(CPM-DSSS)":[6],"is":[7,32,62,72,81,91,126,139,171,205],"a":[8,12,42,69],"promising":[9],"scheme":[10],"for":[11,34,45,52,147,166,189],"secured":[13],"Point-to-Point":[14],"(P2P)":[15],"communication":[16,25],"system":[17],"having":[18],"Anti-Jamming":[19],"(AJ)":[20],"capabilities.":[21],"However,":[22],"like":[23],"other":[24],"systems,":[26],"synchronization":[27],"of":[28,37,122,150,196],"CPM-DSSS":[29,55],"based":[30,56],"systems":[31],"required":[33],"reliable":[35],"detection":[36],"data.":[38,76],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"presents":[41],"novel":[43],"algorithm":[44,107,125,199],"estimating":[46],"the":[47,78,98,103,105,114,123,129,135,148,159,163,182,197,201],"timing":[48,109,151],"and":[49,65,85,94,110,144,152],"phase":[50,111,153,183],"offset":[51,112,184],"binary":[53],"full-response":[54],"systems.":[57],"A":[58],"burst":[59,80],"mode":[60],"transmission":[61],"considered":[63],"here,":[64],"within":[66],"each":[67],"burst,":[68],"training":[70,117],"sequence":[71],"embedded":[73],"along":[74],"with":[75,88,128,173],"Firstly,":[77],"entire":[79],"spread":[82,116],"using":[83],"DSSS":[84],"then":[86],"modulated":[87],"CPM,":[89],"which":[90],"later":[92],"upconverted":[93],"passed":[95],"on":[96],"to":[97,158],"channel.":[99],"After":[100],"down-conversion":[101],"at":[102],"receiver,":[104],"proposed":[106,124,136,198],"estimates":[108],"from":[113],"received":[115],"sequence.":[118],"Then":[119],"estimation":[120,149],"accuracy":[121],"compared":[127,157,172],"state-of-the-art.":[130],"The":[131,178,194],"results":[132,179],"indicate":[133],"that":[134,181],"joint":[137],"estimator":[138],"superior":[140],"by":[141],"9":[142],"dB":[143,146],"10":[145],"offset,":[154],"respectively,":[155],"as":[156],"existing":[160],"algorithm.":[161],"Furthermore,":[162],"estimator's":[164,185],"variance":[165,186],"three":[167],"different":[168],"frequency":[169],"pulses":[170],"Modified":[174],"Cramer-Rao":[175],"Bound":[176],"(MCRB).":[177],"suggest":[180],"approaches":[187],"MCRB":[188],"all":[190],"Signal-to-Noise":[191],"Ratios":[192],"(SNRs).":[193],"effectiveness":[195],"in":[200],"multipath":[202],"fading":[203],"channel":[204],"also":[206],"demonstrated.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}