{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3187194562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102275","title":"Analysis on Noisy Boltzmann Machines and Noisy Restricted Boltzmann Machines","display_name":"Analysis on Noisy Boltzmann Machines and Noisy Restricted Boltzmann Machines","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3187194562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102275","mag":"3187194562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102275","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09505652.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09505652.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030366997","display_name":"Wenhao Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4842-2400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056482307","display_name":"Chi-Sing Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0962-6723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Sing Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043836511","display_name":"John Sum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-4219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Sum","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3881,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60728053,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"112955","last_page":"112965"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11751","display_name":"Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boltzmann-machine","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","score":0.8853170871734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7221163511276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boltzmann-constant","display_name":"Boltzmann constant","score":0.6192776560783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restricted-boltzmann-machine","display_name":"Restricted Boltzmann machine","score":0.545591413974762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-boltzmann-methods","display_name":"Lattice Boltzmann methods","score":0.5410898923873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.34164899587631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21986427903175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21052926778793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1161489188671112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.09349414706230164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.06923368573188782}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192576344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194706","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","level":3,"score":0.8853170871734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7221163511276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35304006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5962","display_name":"Boltzmann constant","level":2,"score":0.6192776560783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199354608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316287","display_name":"Restricted Boltzmann machine","level":3,"score":0.545591413974762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21821499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1807064","display_name":"Lattice Boltzmann methods","level":2,"score":0.5410898923873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.34164899587631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21986427903175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21052926778793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1161489188671112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.09349414706230164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.06923368573188782}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102275","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09505652.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a8e718dcf175404a87301c5ff59ba29e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a8e718dcf175404a87301c5ff59ba29e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 112955-112965 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/8b399db7-fd83-4183-9a45-4bc02b7856a7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2031/8b399db7-fd83-4183-9a45-4bc02b7856a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055387","display_name":"CityU Scholars","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"LU, W, LEUNG, C-S & SUM, J 2021, 'Analysis on Noisy Boltzmann Machines and Noisy Restricted Boltzmann Machines', IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 112955-112965. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3102275","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102275","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09505652.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2258911948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9610431","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187194562.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187194562.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500261653","https://openalex.org/W1523257959","https://openalex.org/W1564201208","https://openalex.org/W1589558030","https://openalex.org/W1918349060","https://openalex.org/W1964155876","https://openalex.org/W1973445088","https://openalex.org/W1974100460","https://openalex.org/W1993697459","https://openalex.org/W1994589723","https://openalex.org/W1995132292","https://openalex.org/W1995169133","https://openalex.org/W2035570353","https://openalex.org/W2042492924","https://openalex.org/W2054814877","https://openalex.org/W2098829640","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2108438604","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2116825644","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2146708886","https://openalex.org/W2166767167","https://openalex.org/W2170009484","https://openalex.org/W2331737637","https://openalex.org/W2615398246","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2749412917","https://openalex.org/W2905548429","https://openalex.org/W2910165910","https://openalex.org/W2910723281","https://openalex.org/W2914410297","https://openalex.org/W2951696038","https://openalex.org/W2969889150","https://openalex.org/W2980197275","https://openalex.org/W2980702394","https://openalex.org/W2997334473","https://openalex.org/W3043979555","https://openalex.org/W3045572034","https://openalex.org/W3082412394","https://openalex.org/W3147616483","https://openalex.org/W4253828793","https://openalex.org/W6664357448","https://openalex.org/W6676230250","https://openalex.org/W6681912734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2193475944","https://openalex.org/W2028660548","https://openalex.org/W2119341610","https://openalex.org/W2916681395","https://openalex.org/W1641020902","https://openalex.org/W2529583158","https://openalex.org/W2179571827","https://openalex.org/W2002649600","https://openalex.org/W2007906783","https://openalex.org/W4247163284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,47],"Boltzmann":[1,6],"machine":[2,7],"(BM)":[3],"and":[4,58,61,72,91,110,127,183],"restricted":[5],"(RBM)":[8],"models":[9,135],"are":[10,19,26,36,44,100,118],"representative":[11],"stochastic":[12,22,67,171],"neural":[13,41],"networks,":[14],"in":[15,29,69,121,180],"which":[16],"neuron":[17],"states":[18],"determined":[20],"by":[21],"activation":[23],"functions.":[24],"They":[25],"widely":[27],"used":[28,37],"many":[30],"applications.":[31],"However,":[32],"when":[33],"analog":[34],"circuits":[35],"to":[38,79,104,151,168,198],"realize":[39],"a":[40,192],"network,":[42],"noise":[43,48,84,120,148,163,190,193,210],"not":[45],"avoidable.":[46],"could":[49],"come":[50],"from":[51,222],"external":[52],"environments,":[53],"such":[54],"as":[55],"power":[56],"supplies":[57],"thermal":[59],"noise,":[60],"they":[62],"will":[63],"affect":[64,85],"the":[65,70,83,86,89,105,122,125,130,133,144,153,157,161,166,188,200,208,216,223],"neurons\u2019":[66],"behaviour":[68],"BM":[71,90],"RBM":[73,92],"models.":[74,93,159],"Hence":[75],"it":[76],"is":[77,141,149,174,196,228],"important":[78],"theoretically":[80,128],"study":[81],"how":[82],"operation":[87],"of":[88,96,124,132,146,156,202],"To":[94],"best":[95],"our":[97,226],"knowledge,":[98],"there":[99,117,173],"little":[101],"works":[102],"related":[103],"analysis":[106],"on":[107,187],"noisy":[108,111,181,184],"BMs":[109,182],"RBMs.":[112,185],"This":[113],"paper":[114],"considers":[115],"that":[116,143,207],"additive":[119,147,203],"inputs":[123],"neurons,":[126],"studies":[129],"behaviors":[131],"two":[134,158],"under":[136],"this":[137],"imperfect":[138],"condition.":[139],"It":[140],"found":[142],"effect":[145,201],"similar":[150],"increasing":[152],"temperature":[154],"factors":[155],"Since":[160],"input":[162],"may":[164],"make":[165],"networks":[167],"have":[169],"wrong":[170],"behaviour,":[172],"Kullback":[175],"Leibler":[176],"(KL)":[177],"divergence":[178,218],"loss":[179],"Based":[186],"Gaussian-distributed":[189],"assumption,":[191],"compensation":[194,211],"method":[195,212,227],"proposed":[197,209],"suppress":[199,215],"noise.":[204,234],"Experiments":[205],"show":[206],"can":[213],"greatly":[214],"KL":[217],"loss.":[219],"In":[220],"addition,":[221],"experimental":[224],"results,":[225],"also":[229],"effective":[230],"for":[231],"handling":[232],"non-Gaussian":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}