{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3189718888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102183","title":"Speed Classification of Upper Limb Movements Through EEG Signal for BCI Application","display_name":"Speed Classification of Upper Limb Movements Through EEG Signal for BCI Application","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3189718888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102183","mag":"3189718888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102183","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09504557.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09504557.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086053243","display_name":"Sepideh Zolfaghari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2904-3332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41832843","display_name":"University of Tabriz","ror":"https://ror.org/01papkj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sepideh Zolfaghari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110197605","display_name":"Tohid Yousefi Rezaii","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41832843","display_name":"University of Tabriz","ror":"https://ror.org/01papkj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tohid Yousefi Rezaii","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050501500","display_name":"Saeed Meshgini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-0961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41832843","display_name":"University of Tabriz","ror":"https://ror.org/01papkj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Meshgini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018670864","display_name":"Ali Farzamnia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8618-7256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Farzamnia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028798514","display_name":"Liau Chung Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7215-0679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liau Chung Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9523,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72287295,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"114564","last_page":"114573"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.937853991985321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7707825303077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6208239197731018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5931062698364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.5845050811767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.577560305595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.532941460609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4552440047264099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.44873884320259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4366143047809601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4141072928905487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36479833722114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35902369022369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.33302390575408936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.937853991985321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7707825303077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6208239197731018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5931062698364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.5845050811767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.577560305595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.532941460609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4552440047264099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.44873884320259094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4366143047809601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4141072928905487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36479833722114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35902369022369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.33302390575408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102183","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09504557.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ums.edu.my:32771","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/32771/2/Speed%20Classification%20of%20Upper%20Limb%20Movements%20Through%20EEG%20Signal%20for%20BCI%20Application1.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400331","display_name":"UMS Institutional Repository (Universiti Malaysia Sabah)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","host_organization_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fd63aa7bd7b7428e879acd213af0643b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fd63aa7bd7b7428e879acd213af0643b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 114564-114573 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3102183","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09504557.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323704","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3189718888.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3189718888.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W278301378","https://openalex.org/W592963477","https://openalex.org/W644878130","https://openalex.org/W1169177044","https://openalex.org/W1718539190","https://openalex.org/W1877153489","https://openalex.org/W1969878365","https://openalex.org/W1982802415","https://openalex.org/W2007274837","https://openalex.org/W2061753672","https://openalex.org/W2085872782","https://openalex.org/W2128909182","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2258266057","https://openalex.org/W2469836966","https://openalex.org/W2476603001","https://openalex.org/W2509948470","https://openalex.org/W2518095910","https://openalex.org/W2528525647","https://openalex.org/W2551178936","https://openalex.org/W2559256361","https://openalex.org/W2604990696","https://openalex.org/W2606436201","https://openalex.org/W2611159092","https://openalex.org/W2623656704","https://openalex.org/W2778861494","https://openalex.org/W2784918647","https://openalex.org/W2792724009","https://openalex.org/W2795061970","https://openalex.org/W2796435388","https://openalex.org/W2800137521","https://openalex.org/W2885414476","https://openalex.org/W2887868454","https://openalex.org/W2895717704","https://openalex.org/W2897795150","https://openalex.org/W2899534186","https://openalex.org/W2900891490","https://openalex.org/W2905915376","https://openalex.org/W2922266198","https://openalex.org/W2939053413","https://openalex.org/W2949809416","https://openalex.org/W2973111194","https://openalex.org/W2982383280","https://openalex.org/W3001706096","https://openalex.org/W3009232581","https://openalex.org/W3037261029","https://openalex.org/W3041644689","https://openalex.org/W3045665366","https://openalex.org/W3087480840","https://openalex.org/W3106591870","https://openalex.org/W3127694419","https://openalex.org/W4254258614","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6787592522"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W2047816336","https://openalex.org/W2944296668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain-Computer":[0],"Interface":[1],"(BCI)":[2],"systems":[3],"have":[4],"obtained":[5,75,150],"remarkable":[6],"results":[7,142],"in":[8,30],"rehabilitation":[9],"and":[10,44,57,64,84,104,134],"robot":[11],"control":[12,19,181],"processes":[13],"by":[14,76,121,187],"converting":[15],"brain":[16],"signals":[17,56,80],"into":[18,183],"commands.":[20],"The":[21],"quantity":[22],"of":[23,41,47,62,67,114,143,154,160,164,180,195],"movement":[24,196],"speed":[25,63,112,145,194],"is":[26],"the":[27,39,42,60,70,78,85,122,129,141,147,151,165,173,184,189,193],"fundamental":[28],"issue":[29],"BCI":[31,185],"that":[32],"requires":[33],"additional":[34],"research.":[35],"This":[36,95],"paper":[37],"investigated":[38],"classification":[40],"slow":[43],"fast":[45],"speeds":[46],"eight":[48],"different":[49],"upper":[50],"limb":[51],"movements":[52,68],"through":[53],"electroencephalogram":[54],"(EEG)":[55],"information":[58,87],"about":[59],"values":[61],"maximum":[65],"angle":[66],"from":[69,81,168],"MPU6050":[71],"module.":[72],"Datasets":[73],"were":[74,126],"recording":[77],"EEG":[79],"10":[82],"subjects":[83],"module":[86],"connected":[88],"on":[89],"their":[90],"right":[91],"hand":[92],"during":[93],"movements.":[94,115],"study":[96],"used":[97],"Filter":[98],"Bank":[99],"Common":[100],"Spatial":[101,106],"Pattern":[102,107],"(FBCSP)":[103],"Wavelet-Common":[105],"(W-CSP)":[108],"methods":[109],"to":[110,128,140,175],"extract":[111],"features":[113,119,190],"In":[116],"both":[117],"methods,":[118],"selected":[120],"Mutual":[123],"Information":[124],"(MI)":[125],"sent":[127],"Convolution":[130],"Neural":[131],"Network":[132],"(CNN)":[133],"various":[135],"machine":[136],"learning":[137],"classifiers.":[138],"Due":[139],"subject-independent":[144],"classification,":[146],"FBCSP-CNN":[148],"method":[149,171],"highest":[152],"accuracy":[153],"90%":[155],"with":[156,192],"a":[157,177],"Kappa":[158],"coefficient":[159],"0.8":[161],"for":[162],"flexion/extension":[163],"shoulder.":[166],"Results":[167],"our":[169],"proposed":[170],"demonstrate":[172],"ability":[174],"introduce":[176],"refined":[178],"set":[179],"commands":[182],"system":[186],"recognizing":[188],"associated":[191],"parameters.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}