{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3191977439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101888","title":"IEEE Access Special Section Editorial: Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications","display_name":"IEEE Access Special Section Editorial: Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3191977439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101888","mag":"3191977439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3101888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101888","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09509863.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09509863.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065763841","display_name":"Wenbing Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-1127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102607778","display_name":"Cleveland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002tx1f22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenbing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108044249","display_name":"Chunming Rong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8347-0539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92008406","display_name":"University of Stavanger","ror":"https://ror.org/02qte9q33","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92008406"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunming Rong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92008406"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004673608","display_name":"Jun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2483-6980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101456842","display_name":"Zhixin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6148-9688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Modern Posts, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Modern Posts, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027403812","display_name":"Srinivas Sampalli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8742-5786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srinivas Sampalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065763841"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5666,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73380888,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"110006","last_page":"110010"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.947982668876648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.8614480495452881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.7876001596450806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.6758667230606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6568644046783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.6423277258872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.6312769055366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6229435205459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/currency","display_name":"Currency","score":0.5330051183700562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/section","display_name":"Section (typography)","score":0.4601254463195801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.36730465292930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.35331857204437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2448488473892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting","display_name":"Accounting","score":0.18867966532707214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.15005823969841003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09859907627105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.08646753430366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monetary-economics","display_name":"Monetary economics","score":0.07244506478309631}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.947982668876648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.8614480495452881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.7876001596450806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.6758667230606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6568644046783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6423277258872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.6312769055366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6229435205459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.5330051183700562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107","display_name":"Section (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4601254463195801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.36730465292930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.35331857204437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2448488473892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.18867966532707214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.15005823969841003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09859907627105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.08646753430366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.07244506478309631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3101888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101888","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09509863.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d29b813f82da495d83d8e6cbac6f1d00","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d29b813f82da495d83d8e6cbac6f1d00","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 110006-110010 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3101888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101888","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09509863.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2983449479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Scientific Research","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3236194794","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant-in-Aid","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3459562248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4874944895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-in-Aid","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5256887504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7167128334","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Researc","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7337825077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant-in-Aid for Sc","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7752643416","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Japan","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8759943101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"rant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311508","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315101","display_name":"Universitetet i Stavanger","ror":"https://ror.org/02qte9q33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322438","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322638","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322999","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323078","display_name":"Universitetet i Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336215","display_name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Information Content Analysis Technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338409","display_name":"Northwest Fisheries Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05r7z1k40"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191977439.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191977439.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4303984095","https://openalex.org/W3038176961","https://openalex.org/W4253897078","https://openalex.org/W4283163498","https://openalex.org/W3164536060","https://openalex.org/W4250942514","https://openalex.org/W3160375675","https://openalex.org/W4310615773","https://openalex.org/W4283071734","https://openalex.org/W2988257770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"is":[1,48,61],"a":[2,11,35,46,62],"disruptive":[3],"technology":[4],"for":[5,64],"building":[6],"consensus":[7],"and":[8,139],"trust":[9],"in":[10,21,50,82,85,102,107,117,121,125,129,133,137,142,153],"peer-to-peer":[12],"network":[13],"without":[14,57],"centralized":[15],"control.":[16],"It":[17],"was":[18],"first":[19,25,105],"used":[20],"bitcoin,":[22],"the":[23,29,51],"very":[24],"cryptocurrency":[26],"released":[27],"at":[28],"beginning":[30],"of":[31,38,90,95,145],"2009,":[32],"to":[33,113,115,119,123,127,131,135,140],"implement":[34],"secure":[36,41],"ledger":[37,42],"transactions.":[39],"This":[40],"ensures":[43],"that":[44,73],"once":[45],"transaction":[47],"placed":[49],"ledger,":[52],"it":[53,70],"cannot":[54],"be":[55],"altered":[56],"being":[58],"detected,":[59],"which":[60,108],"prerequisite":[63],"any":[65],"digital":[66],"currency":[67],"implementation":[68],"because":[69],"must":[71],"guarantee":[72],"no":[74],"one":[75],"can":[76],"double-spend":[77],"one\u2019s":[78],"money.":[79],"The":[80,88],"interest":[81],"blockchain":[83,98,111],"exploded":[84],"recent":[86],"years.":[87],"number":[89],"publications":[91,109],"indexed":[92],"by":[93],"Web":[94],"Science":[96],"on":[97,110],"increased":[99],"from":[100],"2":[101],"2013":[103],"(the":[104],"year":[106],"started":[112],"appear),":[114],"4":[116],"2014,":[118],"21":[120],"2015,":[122],"118":[124],"2016,":[126],"521":[128],"2017,":[130],"1954":[132],"2018,":[134],"3667":[136],"2019,":[138],"3945":[141],"2020.":[143],"As":[144],"June":[146],"29,":[147],"1569":[148],"articles":[149],"have":[150],"been":[151],"published":[152],"2021.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}