{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192392552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101641","title":"Photovoltaic Cell With Built-In Antenna for Internet of Things Applications","display_name":"Photovoltaic Cell With Built-In Antenna for Internet of Things Applications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192392552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101641","mag":"3192392552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3101641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101641","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09502733.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09502733.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100704373","display_name":"Ahmed Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1236-9433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1236-9433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048175508","display_name":"Yeojun Yun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeojun Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068042781","display_name":"Heesu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8039-5879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heesu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8039-5879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053615125","display_name":"Keekeun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9472-0209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keekeun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9472-0209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100767174","display_name":"Jaejin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7179-6446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaejin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002418148","display_name":"Ikmo Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-8614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikmo Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-8614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si, Youngtong-gu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1187,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77474537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"107437","last_page":"107445"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gallium-arsenide","display_name":"Gallium arsenide","score":0.598677933216095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.5302265286445618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5207521915435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-circuit-voltage","display_name":"Open-circuit voltage","score":0.46143293380737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4306631088256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.42148834466934204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36660879850387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3641047477722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.311532199382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14258500933647156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510052550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422819","display_name":"Gallium arsenide","level":2,"score":0.598677933216095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.5302265286445618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5207521915435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57631264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812203","display_name":"Open-circuit voltage","level":3,"score":0.46143293380737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4306631088256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.42148834466934204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36660879850387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3641047477722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.311532199382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14258500933647156}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3101641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101641","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09502733.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6f5dbdadef3640c482b59cf2f163d0c0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6f5dbdadef3640c482b59cf2f163d0c0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 107437-107445 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3101641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101641","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09502733.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1855324540","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20184030202220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3697297953","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20184030202220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G381326537","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20184030202220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8356525954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20184030202220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8859151618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1D1A1A02086071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335199","display_name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/02zq38y32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3192392552.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3192392552.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966808036","https://openalex.org/W2043546636","https://openalex.org/W2078338679","https://openalex.org/W2101638213","https://openalex.org/W2123821296","https://openalex.org/W2154336463","https://openalex.org/W2162015940","https://openalex.org/W2165801111","https://openalex.org/W2339480868","https://openalex.org/W2484219582","https://openalex.org/W2588901348","https://openalex.org/W2592529025","https://openalex.org/W2604387098","https://openalex.org/W2747273568","https://openalex.org/W2762590283","https://openalex.org/W2795806390","https://openalex.org/W2891144899","https://openalex.org/W2900964504","https://openalex.org/W2914862129","https://openalex.org/W2942167417","https://openalex.org/W2958563140","https://openalex.org/W2966970889","https://openalex.org/W2971032560","https://openalex.org/W2971876809","https://openalex.org/W2992838687","https://openalex.org/W3000194269","https://openalex.org/W3002624900","https://openalex.org/W3003400513","https://openalex.org/W3003651800","https://openalex.org/W3006191871","https://openalex.org/W3095800767","https://openalex.org/W3104155996","https://openalex.org/W3105754539","https://openalex.org/W3116471994","https://openalex.org/W6759216669","https://openalex.org/W6787594775"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503153895","https://openalex.org/W3023883798","https://openalex.org/W4231235487","https://openalex.org/W850557098","https://openalex.org/W3049034953","https://openalex.org/W2076520788","https://openalex.org/W2784099576","https://openalex.org/W4385236387","https://openalex.org/W2543246343","https://openalex.org/W1996472338"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"compact":[1],"and":[2,48,91,114,150,164,210],"low-profile":[3],"photovoltaic":[4],"(PV)":[5],"cell":[6,28,54,63,113,120],"with":[7,38,132,222],"a":[8,35,39,92,105,111,122,141,151,223],"Built-In":[9],"antenna":[10,30,175,212],"is":[11,42,64,78,95,176],"proposed":[12,20,173],"for":[13,29,32,55,71],"Internet":[14],"of":[15,51,60,84,127,155,171,187,217,225],"Things":[16],"(IoT)":[17],"applications.":[18],"The":[19,57,117,180],"design":[21],"exploits":[22],"the":[23,45,52,61,68,72,82,88,102,168,172,211,215],"gallium":[24],"arsenide":[25],"(GaAs)-based":[26],"PV":[27,53,62,89,112,119],"operation;":[31],"this":[33],"purpose,":[34],"hexagonal":[36],"slot":[37],"trapezoidal":[40],"perturbation":[41],"cut":[43],"from":[44],"active":[46],"area":[47],"bottom":[49,58],"contact":[50,59],"resonance.":[56],"also":[65],"used":[66,96],"as":[67,97,110],"ground":[69],"plane":[70],"antenna.":[73,116],"An":[74],"AC":[75],"blocking":[76],"circuit":[77],"designed":[79],"to":[80,219],"prevent":[81],"flow":[83],"RF":[85,99],"current":[86,143],"toward":[87],"cell,":[90],"chip":[93],"inductor":[94],"an":[98,115,133,184],"choke":[100],"in":[101,214],"circuit.":[103],"Thus,":[104],"single":[106],"device":[107],"simultaneously":[108],"functions":[109],"GaAs":[118],"shows":[121],"power":[123],"conversion":[124],"efficiency":[125],"(PCE)":[126],"13.25%":[128],"without":[129],"antireflection":[130],"coating,":[131],"open-circuit":[134],"voltage":[135],"(V":[136],"<sub":[137,146,196,200,204],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[138,147,161,197,201,205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">oc</sub>":[139],"),":[140,149],"short-circuit":[142],"density":[144],"(J":[145],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">sc</sub>":[148],"fill":[152],"factor":[153],"(FF)":[154],"0.963":[156],"V,":[157],"21.00":[158],"mA/cm":[159],"<sup":[160],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[162],",":[163],"65.52%,":[165],"respectively.":[166],"Furthermore,":[167],"optical":[169],"transparency":[170],"PV-cell":[174],"greater":[177],"than":[178],"90%.":[179],"complete":[181],"structure":[182],"occupies":[183],"overall":[185],"volume":[186],"31.4":[188],"mm":[189,191,193],"\u00d733":[190],"\u00d70.639":[192],"(":[194],"0.25\u03bb":[195],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">o</sub>":[198,202,206],"\u00d70.26\u03bb":[199],"\u00d70.0052\u03bb":[203],"at":[207,228],"2.45":[208,229],"GHz),":[209],"operates":[213],"range":[216],"2.14":[218],"2.94":[220],"GHz,":[221],"gain":[224],"2.8":[226],"dBi":[227],"GHz.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}