{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192646885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101142","title":"Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis From Fundus Images Using Stacked Generalization of Deep Models","display_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis From Fundus Images Using Stacked Generalization of Deep Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192646885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101142","mag":"3192646885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3101142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101142","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09500222.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09500222.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041194147","display_name":"Harshit Kaushik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4184-7470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harshit Kaushik","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4184-7470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dilbag Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1240-6967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129773123","display_name":"Bennett University","ror":"https://ror.org/00an5hx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129773123"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dilbag Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1240-6967","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129773123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101898959","display_name":"Manjit Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-9172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129773123","display_name":"Bennett University","ror":"https://ror.org/00an5hx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129773123"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manjit Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-9172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129773123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035598584","display_name":"Hammam Alshazly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-8642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189575948","display_name":"South Valley University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jxshx33","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hammam Alshazly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9942-8642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and Information, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189575948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012608509","display_name":"Atef Zaguia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9519-3391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atef Zaguia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9519-3391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091127899","display_name":"Habib Hamam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-1012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154799132","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Moncton","ror":"https://ror.org/029tnqt29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154799132"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Habib Hamam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Moncton University, Moncton, NB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-1012","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Moncton University, Moncton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154799132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":17.4408,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":166,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99613612,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"108276","last_page":"108292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7813184261322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7635406255722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.610651433467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.5769693851470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5750387907028198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5688558220863342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4126780927181244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3679323196411133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17640680074691772}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7813184261322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7635406255722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.610651433467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5769693851470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5750387907028198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5688558220863342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4126780927181244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3679323196411133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17640680074691772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3101142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101142","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09500222.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0e1f50c4ee7a46e0be0d091e222ff247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0e1f50c4ee7a46e0be0d091e222ff247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 108276-108292 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3101142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3101142","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09500222.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7873274849","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020/114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3192646885.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3192646885.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W591035397","https://openalex.org/W1091878006","https://openalex.org/W1512623704","https://openalex.org/W1549463043","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1969496006","https://openalex.org/W1982890488","https://openalex.org/W1998934677","https://openalex.org/W2009097953","https://openalex.org/W2050986938","https://openalex.org/W2088422930","https://openalex.org/W2145305441","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164413325","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2296319839","https://openalex.org/W2406931263","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2589037250","https://openalex.org/W2593230217","https://openalex.org/W2598442119","https://openalex.org/W2611742580","https://openalex.org/W2764302726","https://openalex.org/W2767783253","https://openalex.org/W2770657900","https://openalex.org/W2770877241","https://openalex.org/W2775244861","https://openalex.org/W2789816877","https://openalex.org/W2792787613","https://openalex.org/W2806648557","https://openalex.org/W2807567209","https://openalex.org/W2828862258","https://openalex.org/W2899675781","https://openalex.org/W2903790488","https://openalex.org/W2907743631","https://openalex.org/W2912751386","https://openalex.org/W2948685905","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2966820236","https://openalex.org/W2976365704","https://openalex.org/W2980444207","https://openalex.org/W2981826026","https://openalex.org/W2986571423","https://openalex.org/W2994160805","https://openalex.org/W3010988777","https://openalex.org/W3018026610","https://openalex.org/W3042070269","https://openalex.org/W3045967759","https://openalex.org/W3082904399","https://openalex.org/W3086084680","https://openalex.org/W3100330487","https://openalex.org/W3100866969","https://openalex.org/W3110819774","https://openalex.org/W3121708854","https://openalex.org/W3128235422","https://openalex.org/W3153436803","https://openalex.org/W4244501331","https://openalex.org/W4248018214","https://openalex.org/W6617569901","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6747219329","https://openalex.org/W6756026151","https://openalex.org/W6769004243","https://openalex.org/W6787012406","https://openalex.org/W6789011249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953716828","https://openalex.org/W2904857019","https://openalex.org/W2944728705","https://openalex.org/W3011538607","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1],"(DR)":[2],"is":[3,94,114],"a":[4,55,67,73,136,145,167],"diabetes":[5],"complication":[6],"that":[7,26,223],"affects":[8],"the":[9,27,42,48,64,79,82,86,88,102,109,118,131,164,173,178,224,232],"eye":[10,28],"and":[11,37,45,72,100,125,188,205,220,236],"can":[12],"cause":[13],"damage":[14],"from":[15],"mild":[16],"vision":[17],"problems":[18],"to":[19,57,121,182],"complete":[20],"blindness.":[21],"It":[22],"has":[23],"been":[24],"observed":[25],"fundus":[29],"images":[30,65],"show":[31],"various":[32,241],"kinds":[33],"of":[34,63,85,108,130,148,151,166,177,186,201,214,227],"color":[35,91],"aberrations":[36],"irrelevant":[38],"illuminations,":[39],"which":[40,96,171],"degrade":[41],"diagnostic":[43,141],"analysis":[44],"may":[46],"hinder":[47],"results.":[49,191],"In":[50],"this":[51],"research,":[52],"we":[53,143],"present":[54,144],"methodology":[56,147,226],"eliminate":[58],"these":[59],"unnecessary":[60],"reflectance":[61],"properties":[62],"using":[66],"novel":[68,146],"image":[69,98,104,111],"processing":[70],"schema":[71],"stacked":[74,149,194],"deep":[75,137,233],"learning":[76,138,234],"technique":[77,113],"for":[78],"diagnosis.":[80],"For":[81],"luminosity":[83],"normalization":[84,229],"image,":[87],"gray":[89],"world":[90],"constancy":[92],"algorithm":[93],"implemented":[95],"does":[97],"desaturation":[99],"improves":[101],"overall":[103,198],"quality.":[105],"The":[106,192],"effectiveness":[107],"proposed":[110,193,225],"enhancement":[112],"evaluated":[115],"based":[116,139],"on":[117,163],"peak":[119],"signal":[120],"noise":[122],"ratio":[123],"(PSNR)":[124],"mean":[126],"squared":[127],"error":[128],"(MSE)":[129],"normalized":[132],"image.":[133],"To":[134],"develop":[135],"computer-aided":[140],"system,":[142],"generalization":[150],"convolution":[152],"neural":[153],"networks":[154,181],"(CNN).":[155],"Three":[156],"custom":[157],"CNN":[158],"model":[159,195,235],"weights":[160,176],"are":[161],"fed":[162],"top":[165],"single":[168],"meta-learner":[169],"classifier,":[170],"combines":[172],"most":[174],"optimum":[175],"three":[179],"sub-neural":[180],"obtain":[183],"superior":[184],"metrics":[185],"evaluation":[187],"robust":[189],"prediction":[190],"reports":[196],"an":[197],"test":[199],"accuracy":[200],"97.92%":[202],"(binary":[203],"classification)":[204],"87.45%":[206],"(multi-class":[207],"classification).":[208],"Extensive":[209],"experimental":[210],"results":[211,239],"in":[212],"terms":[213],"accuracy,":[215],"F-measure,":[216],"sensitivity,":[217],"specificity,":[218],"recall":[219],"precision":[221],"reveal":[222],"illumination":[228],"greatly":[230],"facilitated":[231],"yields":[237],"better":[238],"than":[240],"state-of-art":[242],"techniques.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}