{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192885136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100980","title":"Electricity Theft Detection in AMI Based on Clustering and Local Outlier Factor","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection in AMI Based on Clustering and Local Outlier Factor","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192885136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100980","mag":"3192885136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100980","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09500192.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09500192.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041614869","display_name":"Yanlin Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2831-2432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanlin Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electricity Power System With Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electricity Power System With Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101902393","display_name":"Yining Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8302-6884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yining Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power Research Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power Research Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046040571","display_name":"Yuejie Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuejie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electricity Power System With Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electricity Power System With Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042152910","display_name":"Yang Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6814-4428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power Research Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power Research Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041331282","display_name":"Runan Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9042-5704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738113","display_name":"China Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ehpzy81","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power Research Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power Research Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4392738113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068725175","display_name":"Jinping Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5571-9034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinping Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electricity Power System With Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5571-9034","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electricity Power System With Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086773853","display_name":"Haisen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-2490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haisen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electricity Power System With Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-2490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electricity Power System With Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.7122,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97525542,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"107250","last_page":"107259"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9509999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-outlier-factor","display_name":"Local outlier factor","score":0.8848992586135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7829086184501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7811630964279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.738292396068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6840944290161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5688300728797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5551681518554688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5515664219856262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metering-mode","display_name":"Metering mode","score":0.5432253479957581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5231524705886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32848063111305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1633884608745575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14220544695854187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387942","display_name":"Local outlier factor","level":3,"score":0.8848992586135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7829086184501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7811630964279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.738292396068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6840944290161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5688300728797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5551681518554688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5515664219856262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30905978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815598","display_name":"Metering mode","level":2,"score":0.5432253479957581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5231524705886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32848063111305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1633884608745575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14220544695854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100980","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09500192.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:69db26ea8d564eeca9f2832ccc1b8e3c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/69db26ea8d564eeca9f2832ccc1b8e3c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 107250-107259 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100980","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09500192.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3192885136.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3192885136.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25531497","https://openalex.org/W1514476785","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W2038418498","https://openalex.org/W2060237023","https://openalex.org/W2088985796","https://openalex.org/W2099306544","https://openalex.org/W2102828313","https://openalex.org/W2144182447","https://openalex.org/W2150011864","https://openalex.org/W2165700458","https://openalex.org/W2165835468","https://openalex.org/W2169671599","https://openalex.org/W2169783907","https://openalex.org/W2212529815","https://openalex.org/W2381416769","https://openalex.org/W2411244218","https://openalex.org/W2545859031","https://openalex.org/W2615509641","https://openalex.org/W2776990447","https://openalex.org/W2805467117","https://openalex.org/W2894817759","https://openalex.org/W3005548505","https://openalex.org/W3005973759","https://openalex.org/W3116466274","https://openalex.org/W3162539490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2499612753","https://openalex.org/W25930971","https://openalex.org/W2770832849","https://openalex.org/W2439518333","https://openalex.org/W3111802945","https://openalex.org/W114119537","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W4240627425","https://openalex.org/W2761705761","https://openalex.org/W2946096271"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"one":[1],"of":[2,6,17,40,64,127,149],"the":[3,34,38,89,108,118,124,146,150],"key":[4],"components":[5],"smart":[7],"grid,":[8],"advanced":[9],"metering":[10],"infrastructure":[11],"(AMI)":[12],"provides":[13],"an":[14,69],"immense":[15],"number":[16],"data,":[18],"making":[19],"technologies":[20],"such":[21,46],"as":[22,47,61,67,113],"data":[23],"mining":[24],"more":[25],"suitable":[26],"for":[27,132],"electricity":[28,41],"theft":[29,65],"detection.":[30],"However,":[31],"due":[32],"to":[33,52,59,122],"unbalanced":[35],"dataset":[36,144],"in":[37,83],"field":[39],"theft,":[42],"many":[43,62],"AI-based":[44],"methods":[45],"deep":[48],"learning":[49],"are":[50,105,111],"prone":[51],"under-fitting.":[53],"To":[54],"evade":[55],"this":[56,84],"problem":[57],"and":[58,76],"detect":[60],"types":[63],"attacks":[66],"possible,":[68],"outlier":[70,78,114,128],"detection":[71],"method":[72],"based":[73,141],"on":[74,142],"clustering":[75],"local":[77],"factor":[79],"(LOF)":[80],"is":[81,120,135],"proposed":[82],"study.":[85],"We":[86],"firstly":[87],"analyze":[88],"load":[90,103],"profiles":[91,104],"with":[92],"<inline-formula":[93],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[94],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[95],"<tex-math":[96],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$k$":[97],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[98],"-means.":[99],"Then,":[100],"customers":[101],"whose":[102],"far":[106],"from":[107],"cluster":[109],"centers":[110],"selected":[112],"candidates.":[115,129],"After":[116],"that,":[117],"LOF":[119],"utilized":[121],"calculate":[123],"anomaly":[125],"degrees":[126],"Corresponding":[130],"framework":[131],"practical":[133],"application":[134],"then":[136],"designed.":[137],"Finally,":[138],"numerical":[139],"experiments":[140],"realistic":[143],"show":[145],"good":[147],"performance":[148],"presented":[151],"method.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
