{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186299450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100490","title":"Proposition of New Ensemble Data-Intelligence Models for Surface Water Quality Prediction","display_name":"Proposition of New Ensemble Data-Intelligence Models for Surface Water Quality Prediction","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186299450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100490","mag":"3186299450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100490","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09497111.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09497111.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018153583","display_name":"Ali Omran Al\u2010Sulttani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8734-5287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135120706","display_name":"University of Baghdad","ror":"https://ror.org/007f1da21","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Omran Al-Sulttani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8734-5287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030443187","display_name":"Mustafa Al-Mukhtar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-0899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Al-Mukhtar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8850-0899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044346054","display_name":"Ali B. Roomi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-5550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202735123","display_name":"Thi Qar University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ypa8k59","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202735123"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154453","display_name":"Al-Ayen Iraqi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02t6wt791","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154453"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali B. Roomi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biochemistry and Biological Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq","Ministry of Education, Directorate of Education Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-5550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biochemistry and Biological Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202735123","https://openalex.org/I4387154453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Directorate of Education Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202735123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047448010","display_name":"Aitazaz A. Farooque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5353-6752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22188714","display_name":"University of Prince Edward Island","ror":"https://ror.org/02xh9x144","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22188714"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aitazaz Ahsan Farooque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5353-6752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22188714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073170321","display_name":"Khaled Mohamed Khedher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-1690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Mohamed Khedher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Technological Studies, Mrezgua University Campus, Nabeul, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-1690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Technological Studies, Mrezgua University Campus, Nabeul, Tunisia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037953109","display_name":"Zaher Mundher Yaseen\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c\u202c","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-7137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202735123","display_name":"Thi Qar University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ypa8k59","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202735123"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154453","display_name":"Al-Ayen Iraqi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02t6wt791","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154453"]}],"countries":["IQ","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaher Mundher Yaseen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Creative Design, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan","New Era and Development in Civil Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-7137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Creative Design, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Era and Development in Civil Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202735123","https://openalex.org/I4387154453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.4863,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9744744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"108527","last_page":"108541"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6438223719596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality","display_name":"Water quality","score":0.5899735689163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochemical-oxygen-demand","display_name":"Biochemical oxygen demand","score":0.5637098550796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-oxygen-demand","display_name":"Chemical oxygen demand","score":0.5451322197914124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5113034248352051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.46982264518737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-suspended-solids","display_name":"Total suspended solids","score":0.4531569182872772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.44110843539237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43931907415390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coefficient-of-determination","display_name":"Coefficient of determination","score":0.4391748607158661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4388115108013153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-dissolved-solids","display_name":"Total dissolved solids","score":0.41770726442337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.41339945793151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.410768061876297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37276583909988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3546760082244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.34154796600341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-engineering","display_name":"Environmental engineering","score":0.19066527485847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.10258165001869202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6438223719596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.5899735689163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198302294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215624","display_name":"Biochemical oxygen demand","level":4,"score":0.5637098550796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188287460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555857","display_name":"Chemical oxygen demand","level":3,"score":0.5451322197914124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5113034248352051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.46982264518737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4891672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3995966","display_name":"Total suspended solids","level":4,"score":0.4531569182872772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.44110843539237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43931907415390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128990827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192830","display_name":"Coefficient of determination","level":2,"score":0.4391748607158661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4388115108013153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129360787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466917","display_name":"Total dissolved solids","level":2,"score":0.41770726442337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.41339945793151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.410768061876297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37276583909988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3546760082244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34154796600341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.19066527485847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10258165001869202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100490","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09497111.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3411a181de944a5a5b557c8922024e7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3411a181de944a5a5b557c8922024e7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 108527-108541 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100490","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09497111.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7838620122","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP. 1/372/42","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","funder_display_name":"King Khalid University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186299450.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186299450.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573647811","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1967211424","https://openalex.org/W1980641088","https://openalex.org/W1982120498","https://openalex.org/W1985372952","https://openalex.org/W1988751630","https://openalex.org/W2005974934","https://openalex.org/W2015493184","https://openalex.org/W2015799639","https://openalex.org/W2030606330","https://openalex.org/W2045256553","https://openalex.org/W2070493638","https://openalex.org/W2083528810","https://openalex.org/W2087511639","https://openalex.org/W2091249059","https://openalex.org/W2103038794","https://openalex.org/W2107219584","https://openalex.org/W2108521920","https://openalex.org/W2122689321","https://openalex.org/W2139086914","https://openalex.org/W2141188346","https://openalex.org/W2149298154","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2167453047","https://openalex.org/W2186745633","https://openalex.org/W2216946510","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2289152296","https://openalex.org/W2312064915","https://openalex.org/W2343420905","https://openalex.org/W2515066371","https://openalex.org/W2583878030","https://openalex.org/W2605782971","https://openalex.org/W2757825312","https://openalex.org/W2759225359","https://openalex.org/W2765805814","https://openalex.org/W2769174254","https://openalex.org/W2888342334","https://openalex.org/W2889552320","https://openalex.org/W2899023746","https://openalex.org/W2904250082","https://openalex.org/W2904258885","https://openalex.org/W2907223767","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2915329514","https://openalex.org/W2918410041","https://openalex.org/W2943093347","https://openalex.org/W2953622211","https://openalex.org/W2965163358","https://openalex.org/W2979476516","https://openalex.org/W2980655104","https://openalex.org/W2981586399","https://openalex.org/W2985766090","https://openalex.org/W2991423538","https://openalex.org/W3003977585","https://openalex.org/W3005132066","https://openalex.org/W3005657599","https://openalex.org/W3006101764","https://openalex.org/W3006671182","https://openalex.org/W3007782869","https://openalex.org/W3008408706","https://openalex.org/W3010537613","https://openalex.org/W3014803044","https://openalex.org/W3016350595","https://openalex.org/W3018952706","https://openalex.org/W3018966198","https://openalex.org/W3033058283","https://openalex.org/W3046781693","https://openalex.org/W3048871475","https://openalex.org/W3080150692","https://openalex.org/W3085992613","https://openalex.org/W3091969867","https://openalex.org/W3092476339","https://openalex.org/W3093998899","https://openalex.org/W3099487920","https://openalex.org/W3102283426","https://openalex.org/W3111262021","https://openalex.org/W3120924976","https://openalex.org/W3121158412","https://openalex.org/W3128648354","https://openalex.org/W3130132954","https://openalex.org/W3130175758","https://openalex.org/W3131502570","https://openalex.org/W3133561284","https://openalex.org/W3133745455","https://openalex.org/W3139274269","https://openalex.org/W3160565914","https://openalex.org/W4249545506","https://openalex.org/W6634147026","https://openalex.org/W6745299318","https://openalex.org/W6791733544","https://openalex.org/W6795100740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2749214772","https://openalex.org/W2601091938","https://openalex.org/W2884486241","https://openalex.org/W2527852065","https://openalex.org/W4303712182","https://openalex.org/W2943009959","https://openalex.org/W2184283418","https://openalex.org/W2132523285","https://openalex.org/W3005632731","https://openalex.org/W247945413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"accurate":[1],"prediction":[2],"of":[3,63,74,119,152,164,208,241,253],"water":[4,17,75],"quality":[5],"(WQ)":[6],"related":[7],"parameters":[8],"is":[9],"considered":[10],"as":[11],"pivotal":[12],"decisive":[13],"tool":[14],"in":[15,114,213],"sustainable":[16],"resources":[18],"management.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21,69,115,214],"study,":[22],"five":[23],"different":[24,137],"ensemble":[25],"machine":[26,41],"learning":[27],"(ML)":[28],"models":[29,122,127,134,155,211],"including":[30],"Quantile":[31],"regression":[32],"forest":[33],"(QRF),":[34],"Random":[35],"Forest":[36],"(RF),":[37],"radial":[38],"support":[39],"vector":[40],"(SVM),":[42],"Stochastic":[43],"Gradient":[44,48],"Boosting":[45,49],"(GBM)":[46],"and":[47,105,145,189,232,251,261],"Machines":[50],"(GBM_H2O)":[51],"were":[52,112,123,255],"developed":[53,128,198,219],"to":[54],"predict":[55],"the":[56,64,131,153,160,197,203,209,218,229],"monthly":[57,71],"biochemical":[58],"oxygen":[59,88],"demand":[60,89],"(BOD)":[61],"values":[62],"Euphrates":[65],"River,":[66],"Iraq.":[67],"For":[68],"aim,":[70],"average":[72],"data":[73],"temperature":[76],"(T),":[77],"Turbidity,":[78],"pH,":[79],"Electrical":[80],"Conductivity":[81],"(EC),":[82],"Alkalinity":[83],"(Alk),":[84],"Calcium":[85],"(Ca),":[86],"chemical":[87],"(COD),":[90],"Sulfate":[91],"(SO":[92],"<sub":[93],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[94,169,244],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">4</sub>":[95],"),":[96,171],"total":[97,101],"dissolved":[98],"solids":[99,103],"(TDS),":[100],"suspended":[102],"(TSS),":[104],"BOD":[106],"measured":[107],"for":[108],"ten":[109],"years":[110],"period":[111],"used":[113],"study.":[116],"The":[117,150,206,238],"performances":[118],"these":[120],"standalone":[121,230],"compared":[124,227],"with":[125,135,228,233,236],"integrative":[126,220],"by":[129],"coupling":[130],"applied":[132,154],"ML":[133],"two":[136],"feature":[138],"extraction":[139],"algorithms":[140],"i.e.,":[141],"Genetic":[142],"Algorithm":[143],"(GA)":[144],"Principal":[146],"Components":[147],"Analysis":[148],"(PCA).":[149],"reliability":[151],"was":[156],"evaluated":[157,210],"based":[158],"on":[159],"statistical":[161,239],"performance":[162,207,226],"criteria":[163,240],"determination":[165],"coefficient":[166,184],"(R":[167],"<sup":[168,243],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[170,245],"root":[172],"mean":[173,177],"square":[174],"error":[175,179],"(RMSE),":[176],"absolute":[178],"(MAE),":[180],"Nash-Sutcliffe":[181],"model":[182,201,222],"efficiency":[183],"(NSE),":[185],"Willmott":[186],"index":[187],"(d),":[188],"percent":[190],"bias":[191],"(PBIAS).":[192],"Results":[193],"showed":[194],"that":[195,217],"among":[196],"models,":[199],"QRF":[200],"attained":[202],"superior":[204],"performance.":[205],"presented":[212,223],"study":[215],"proved":[216],"PCA-QRF":[221,254],"much":[224],"better":[225],"ones":[231],"those":[234],"integrated":[235],"GA.":[237],"R":[242],",":[246],"RMSE,":[247],"MAE,":[248],"NSE,":[249],"d,":[250],"PBIAS":[252],"0.94,":[256],"0.12,":[257],"0.05,":[258],"0.93,":[259],"0.98,":[260],"0.3,":[262],"respectively.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}