{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186144287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100363","title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Site Diversity Technique in Tropical Region: Evaluation of Prediction Models Using Site Diversity Gain of Greece and India","display_name":"A Comprehensive Review of the Site Diversity Technique in Tropical Region: Evaluation of Prediction Models Using Site Diversity Gain of Greece and India","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186144287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100363","mag":"3186144287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100363","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09497079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09497079.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084484053","display_name":"Fazdliana Samat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-5473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fazdliana Samat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-5473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063177375","display_name":"Mandeep Singh Jit Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1499-0426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143074","display_name":"National Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/05cdbex20","country_code":"MY","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143074"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mandeep Jit Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","Space Science Center (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1499-0426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Science Center (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143074","https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079920272","display_name":"Aduwati Sali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-6516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aduwati Sali","raw_affiliation_strings":["WiPNET Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-6516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WiPNET Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034662260","display_name":"Nasharuddin Zainal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5748-6801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasharuddin Zainal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5538,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59489278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"105060","last_page":"105071"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropics","display_name":"Tropics","score":0.6085366010665894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperate-climate","display_name":"Temperate climate","score":0.5446237921714783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.544457733631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.5305951833724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.5249664187431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5114701986312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-gain","display_name":"Diversity gain","score":0.5067368149757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altitude","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","score":0.47271984815597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4721182584762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3918735682964325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.36570531129837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3416798710823059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.26593220233917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.20918002724647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19006675481796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14616069197654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09821069240570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.09556522965431213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50660011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42530","display_name":"Tropics","level":2,"score":0.6085366010665894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81461190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167466","display_name":"Temperate climate","level":2,"score":0.5446237921714783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.544457733631134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.5305951833724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5249664187431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5114701986312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164785522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283966","display_name":"Diversity gain","level":4,"score":0.5067368149757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.47271984815597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4721182584762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3918735682964325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.36570531129837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3416798710823059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26593220233917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.20918002724647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19006675481796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14616069197654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09821069240570068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.09556522965431213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100363","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09497079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:adfa1c7d02694c8b8f560483110acb1f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/adfa1c7d02694c8b8f560483110acb1f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 105060-105071 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100363","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09497079.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7401693152","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GP-2020-K018051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","funder_display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186144287.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186144287.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207855","https://openalex.org/W65875227","https://openalex.org/W757592821","https://openalex.org/W840303475","https://openalex.org/W927635936","https://openalex.org/W1506803120","https://openalex.org/W1555127494","https://openalex.org/W1565246560","https://openalex.org/W1577432946","https://openalex.org/W1593066993","https://openalex.org/W1609306585","https://openalex.org/W1974280766","https://openalex.org/W1996493751","https://openalex.org/W2008295907","https://openalex.org/W2022955624","https://openalex.org/W2034836517","https://openalex.org/W2073293546","https://openalex.org/W2082025859","https://openalex.org/W2087173689","https://openalex.org/W2098378526","https://openalex.org/W2127513275","https://openalex.org/W2143441937","https://openalex.org/W2144138415","https://openalex.org/W2152333770","https://openalex.org/W2163773068","https://openalex.org/W2166855729","https://openalex.org/W2167647282","https://openalex.org/W2183062055","https://openalex.org/W2271658180","https://openalex.org/W2305760147","https://openalex.org/W2341593463","https://openalex.org/W2532087827","https://openalex.org/W2535356027","https://openalex.org/W2567694200","https://openalex.org/W2592626155","https://openalex.org/W2614063338","https://openalex.org/W2620981914","https://openalex.org/W2755554288","https://openalex.org/W2771104296","https://openalex.org/W2805311385","https://openalex.org/W2897382204","https://openalex.org/W2908715251","https://openalex.org/W2910468784","https://openalex.org/W2941249055","https://openalex.org/W2970510503","https://openalex.org/W2978526092","https://openalex.org/W2999478479","https://openalex.org/W3034731223","https://openalex.org/W3127839460","https://openalex.org/W4250174410","https://openalex.org/W4254968279","https://openalex.org/W6602685141","https://openalex.org/W6622175615","https://openalex.org/W6630504931","https://openalex.org/W6633747063","https://openalex.org/W6634542640","https://openalex.org/W6636387905","https://openalex.org/W6686315368","https://openalex.org/W6697895211","https://openalex.org/W6728740830","https://openalex.org/W6738126099","https://openalex.org/W6768907300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2590031568","https://openalex.org/W1968184948","https://openalex.org/W4247068408","https://openalex.org/W3161916328","https://openalex.org/W4205459228","https://openalex.org/W3010771501","https://openalex.org/W2415300849","https://openalex.org/W2023208265","https://openalex.org/W4234303292","https://openalex.org/W2206683882"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,181,214],"satellite":[1],"signal":[2,30],"deteriorates":[3],"as":[4,131],"it":[5],"propagates":[6],"from":[7,236],"the":[8,11,15,18,24,29,36,41,43,58,69,80,108,120,125,137,148,151,185,188,202,221,227,232,245,256],"source":[9],"to":[10,35,46,60,72,77,124,135],"ground":[12],"antenna":[13],"on":[14],"surface":[16],"of":[17,28,57,79,95,107,115,139,147,150,216,226,247],"earth.":[19],"While":[20],"some":[21],"losses":[22],"involving":[23],"amplitude":[25],"and":[26,112,174,191,201,204,223,238],"energy":[27],"are":[31],"unavoidably":[32],"recovered":[33],"due":[34,45],"long":[37],"slant":[38],"path":[39],"through":[40],"atmosphere,":[42],"impairment":[44],"precipitation,":[47],"especially":[48],"rain,":[49],"can":[50],"be":[51],"mitigated.":[52],"Site":[53],"diversity":[54,85,110,142,159],"is":[55,86,155],"one":[56],"ways":[59],"obtain":[61],"a":[62,74,91,98,113,132,140,171,177],"less":[63],"rain-attenuated":[64],"signal,":[65],"simply":[66],"by":[67],"preparing":[68],"other":[70],"site":[71,84,92,109,141,158],"receive":[73],"link":[75],"similar":[76],"that":[78,122,220,244],"main":[81],"site.":[82],"Dual":[83],"common":[87],"in":[88,163,170,176,184,255],"practice":[89],"with":[90,231],"separation":[93],"distance":[94],"at":[96],"least":[97],"rain":[99],"cell":[100],"extent.":[101],"This":[102],"article":[103],"presents":[104],"an":[105],"overview":[106],"concept":[111],"description":[114],"all":[116],"parameters":[117],"involved":[118,183],"regarding":[119],"factor":[121],"contributed":[123],"gain,":[126],"which":[127,194,207],"has":[128],"been":[129],"used":[130],"performance":[133],"metric":[134],"measure":[136],"effectiveness":[138],"scheme.":[143],"A":[144],"detailed":[145],"assessment":[146],"capability":[149],"gain":[152,234],"prediction":[153,249],"model":[154,217],"presented":[156],"using":[157,197,210],"experimental":[160],"data":[161],"conducted":[162],"two":[164],"different":[165],"climatic":[166,179],"groups,":[167],"namely,":[168],"Greece":[169],"temperate":[172,198],"region":[173],"India":[175,237],"tropical":[178,211],"region.":[180],"models":[182,225,250],"evaluation":[186],"were":[187,195,208,229],"ITU-R,":[189],"Hodge,":[190],"Panagopoulos":[192],"models,":[193,206],"validated":[196,209],"regional":[199,212],"data,":[200],"Semire":[203,222],"Yeo":[205,224],"data.":[213],"observations":[215],"behavior":[218],"revealed":[219],"tropics":[228],"consistent":[230],"measured":[233],"obtained":[235],"Greece,":[239],"respectively;":[240],"thus,":[241],"this":[242],"demonstrated":[243],"direction":[246],"future":[248],"should":[251],"consider":[252],"both":[253],"climates":[254],"validation":[257],"process.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
