{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184141855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100144","title":"Designing Efficient Phase-Gradient Metasurfaces for Near-Field Meta-Steering Systems","display_name":"Designing Efficient Phase-Gradient Metasurfaces for Near-Field Meta-Steering Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184141855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100144","mag":"3184141855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100144","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09496658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09496658.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073007837","display_name":"Khushboo Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-194X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khushboo Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-194X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087075969","display_name":"Muhammad U. Afzal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad U. Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8517-408X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032248949","display_name":"Karu P. Esselle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-0086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karu P. Esselle","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-0086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073007837"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466","https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":37.2226,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99539952,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"109080","last_page":"109093"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directivity","display_name":"Directivity","score":0.7106471061706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.6056874394416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5919777750968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.5125970244407654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-steering","display_name":"Beam steering","score":0.4311060607433319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3532743453979492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.3019949197769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23664936423301697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1400572657585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.11304575204849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08971023559570312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189039984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8225412","display_name":"Directivity","level":3,"score":0.7106471061706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6056874394416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5919777750968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.5125970244407654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.4311060607433319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3532743453979492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.3019949197769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23664936423301697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1400572657585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.11304575204849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08971023559570312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100144","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09496658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:747aaaf5ee5b414ca10cadafc7f17336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/747aaaf5ee5b414ca10cadafc7f17336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 109080-109093 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3100144","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09496658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","display_name":"Australian Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0314h5y94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320967","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3184141855.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3184141855.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971825440","https://openalex.org/W2092483521","https://openalex.org/W2179704496","https://openalex.org/W2277815998","https://openalex.org/W2311852562","https://openalex.org/W2350568189","https://openalex.org/W2494799168","https://openalex.org/W2548260925","https://openalex.org/W2587928584","https://openalex.org/W2605006015","https://openalex.org/W2612640904","https://openalex.org/W2722951843","https://openalex.org/W2761936050","https://openalex.org/W2774809828","https://openalex.org/W2783168053","https://openalex.org/W2884196267","https://openalex.org/W2896391562","https://openalex.org/W2900148560","https://openalex.org/W2901857465","https://openalex.org/W2910239777","https://openalex.org/W2910450417","https://openalex.org/W2913033919","https://openalex.org/W2949551453","https://openalex.org/W2975174555","https://openalex.org/W2989873054","https://openalex.org/W2995661606","https://openalex.org/W3005125728","https://openalex.org/W3040143088","https://openalex.org/W3089706104","https://openalex.org/W3092120752","https://openalex.org/W3130141253","https://openalex.org/W3171140934","https://openalex.org/W4297818099","https://openalex.org/W6740309896","https://openalex.org/W6779896361","https://openalex.org/W6790609238"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079738428","https://openalex.org/W1993813731","https://openalex.org/W2014466949","https://openalex.org/W2389761821","https://openalex.org/W2082969257","https://openalex.org/W2796503621","https://openalex.org/W1978141479","https://openalex.org/W4297574079","https://openalex.org/W1994466930","https://openalex.org/W2074103798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"investigate":[1],"the":[2,17,29,41,64,70,106,116,120,173,177,213,216],"aptness":[3],"of":[4,43,127,139,154,167,186,195],"various":[5,44],"4":[6],"<sup":[7],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[8,142],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">th</sup>":[9],"order":[10],"(90\u00b0)":[11],"rotationally":[12],"symmetric":[13],"phase-transforming":[14,45],"cells":[15,46],"for":[16,75],"upper":[18],"phase-gradient":[19,156],"metasurface,":[20],"which":[21],"always":[22],"receives":[23],"an":[24,83,136,192],"oblique":[25,53,84],"incidence":[26,85],"wave":[27,55,86],"from":[28],"lower":[30],"metasurface":[31],"in":[32,69,98,115,176,202,212],"a":[33,51,152,159,188,198,208],"Near-Field":[34,132],"Meta-Steering":[35,133],"system.":[36],"A":[37,131,163],"comprehensive":[38],"study":[39],"on":[40,57],"behavior":[42],"and":[47,78,119,158],"corresponding":[48,217],"supercells":[49],"when":[50,82,172,197],"rotating":[52],"plane":[54],"impinges":[56],"them":[58],"is":[59,87,92,125,148,170,175,184,205,220],"presented.":[60,149],"First,":[61],"we":[62],"select":[63],"supercell":[65,91],"with":[66,100,135,191],"high":[67],"transmission":[68],"desired":[71],"output":[72],"Floquet":[73,96],"modes,":[74,81],"both":[76],"TE":[77],"TM":[79],"input":[80],"rotated.":[88],"The":[89,180],"selected":[90],"then":[93],"optimized":[94,117,155],"using":[95],"analysis":[97],"conjunction":[99],"particle":[101],"swarm":[102],"optimization":[103],"(PSO).":[104],"All":[105],"undesired":[107],"modes":[108],"are":[109],"successfully":[110],"suppressed":[111],"below":[112],"-32":[113],"dB":[114,169,200,210],"supercell,":[118],"predicted":[121],"broadside":[122,178],"radiation":[123],"pattern":[124],"free":[126],"spurious":[128],"grating":[129],"lobes.":[130],"system":[134,183],"aperture":[137],"diameter":[138],"7.3\u03bb":[140],"<sub":[141],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">0</sub>":[143],"(110mm":[144],"@":[145],"20":[146],"GHz)":[147],"It":[150],"has":[151],"pair":[153],"metasurfaces":[157],"dipole":[160],"antenna":[161],"array.":[162],"maximum":[164],"peak":[165,203,214],"directivity":[166,204],"24.2":[168],"achieved":[171],"beam":[174],"direction.":[179],"proposed":[181],"steering":[182],"capable":[185],"scanning":[187],"conical":[189],"range":[190],"apex":[193,218],"angle":[194,219],"126\u00b0":[196],"6":[199],"reduction":[201],"allowed.":[206],"For":[207],"3":[209],"variation":[211],"directivity,":[215],"103\u00b0.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}