{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184089439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099534","title":"A Fully Digital True Random Number Generator With Entropy Source Based in Frequency Collapse","display_name":"A Fully Digital True Random Number Generator With Entropy Source Based in Frequency Collapse","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184089439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099534","mag":"3184089439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099534","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09494371.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09494371.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011385079","display_name":"Ronaldo Serrano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5501-0914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ronaldo Serrano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076615981","display_name":"Ckristian Duran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3746-8320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ckristian Duran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025387024","display_name":"Trong-Thuc Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4078-0836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trong-Thuc Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014526006","display_name":"Marco Sarmiento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3544-8839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Sarmiento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008969734","display_name":"Khai-Duy Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3623-5250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khai-Duy Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102897632","display_name":"Akira Tsukamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3339-7177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akira Tsukamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067274985","display_name":"Kuniyasu Suzaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0912-0087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuniyasu Suzaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan","Technology Research Association of Secure IoT Edge Application Based on RISC-V Open Architecture (TRASIO), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Research Association of Secure IoT Edge Application Based on RISC-V Open Architecture (TRASIO), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042912660","display_name":"Cong\u2010Kha Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-4919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong-Kha Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011385079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0174,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88671569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"105748","last_page":"105755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.8772492408752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8316129446029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.8006901741027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7206522822380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5131633877754211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.51133793592453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4936908185482025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4328456521034241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3578149080276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3237174153327942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.27893245220184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12369808554649353}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.8772492408752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8316129446029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.8006901741027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7206522822380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5131633877754211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.51133793592453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4936908185482025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4328456521034241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3578149080276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3237174153327942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27893245220184326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12369808554649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099534","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09494371.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fbdba590a9b443f7bc3485f385d4b062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fbdba590a9b443f7bc3485f385d4b062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 105748-105755 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099534","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09494371.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2280667928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPNP16007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321034","funder_display_name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321034","display_name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/0055k7a87"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3184089439.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3184089439.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1565273324","https://openalex.org/W1967501125","https://openalex.org/W1990478559","https://openalex.org/W2318869941","https://openalex.org/W2401371495","https://openalex.org/W2560864854","https://openalex.org/W2561675566","https://openalex.org/W2783355591","https://openalex.org/W2784781042","https://openalex.org/W2910439186","https://openalex.org/W2967784660","https://openalex.org/W2982586717","https://openalex.org/W3020913589","https://openalex.org/W3032323550","https://openalex.org/W3033735051","https://openalex.org/W6633818482","https://openalex.org/W6648212474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2158491338","https://openalex.org/W2807901368","https://openalex.org/W2133733652","https://openalex.org/W2072658171","https://openalex.org/W2606392311","https://openalex.org/W4318899699","https://openalex.org/W2362080632","https://openalex.org/W2167867025","https://openalex.org/W3201551371","https://openalex.org/W2952746059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"All":[0],"cryptography":[1],"systems":[2,16],"have":[3],"a":[4,83,125],"True":[5],"Random":[6],"Number":[7],"Generator":[8],"(TRNG).":[9],"In":[10],"the":[11,45,74,99,103,106,118,135],"process":[12],"of":[13,77,112,117,134,146,156],"validating,":[14],"these":[15],"are":[17],"necessary":[18],"for":[19],"prototyping":[20],"in":[21,40,58,67],"Field":[22],"Programmable":[23],"Gate":[24],"Array":[25],"(FPGA).":[26],"However,":[27],"TRNG":[28,91,104,122],"uses":[29],"an":[30,51],"entropy":[31,52,64,85],"source":[32,53,65],"based":[33,54],"on":[34,55,124],"non-deterministic":[35],"effects":[36],"challenging":[37],"to":[38,49,87,143,153],"replicate":[39],"FPGA.":[41],"This":[42,137],"work":[43,138],"shows":[44],"problems":[46],"and":[47,79,97,105,115,149],"solutions":[48],"implement":[50],"frequency":[56],"collapse":[57],"multimodal":[59],"Ring":[60],"Oscillators":[61],"(RO).":[62],"The":[63,90,121],"implemented":[66],"FPGA":[68,129],"pass":[69,109],"all":[70,93,110],"SP800-90B":[71],"tests":[72,111],"from":[73],"National":[75],"Institute":[76],"Standards":[78],"Technology":[80],"(NIST)":[81],"with":[82,96],"good":[84],"compared":[86],"related":[88],"works.":[89],"passes":[92],"NIST":[94],"SP800-22":[95],"without":[98],"post-processing":[100,107],"stage.":[101],"Besides,":[102],"stage":[108],"Application":[113],"notes":[114],"Interpretation":[116],"Scheme":[119],"(AIS31).":[120],"implementation":[123],"Xilinx":[126],"Artix-7":[127],"XC7A100TCSG324":[128],"occupies":[130],"less":[131],"than":[132],"1%":[133],"resources.":[136],"presents":[139],"0.62":[140],"\u03bcs":[141,145],"up":[142,152],"9.92":[144],"sampling":[147],"latency":[148],"1.1":[150],"Mbps":[151,155],"9.1":[154],"bit":[157],"rate":[158],"throughput.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
