{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186673452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099497","title":"Efficient Weakly-Supervised Object Detection With Pseudo Annotations","display_name":"Efficient Weakly-Supervised Object Detection With Pseudo Annotations","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186673452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099497","mag":"3186673452"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099497","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09494369.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09494369.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101056456","display_name":"Qingsheng Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087772","display_name":"National Computer Network Emergency Response Technical Team/Coordination Center of Chinar","ror":"https://ror.org/00247dh76","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087772"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingsheng Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Computer Network Emergency Response Technical Team/Coordination Center of China (CNCERT/CC), Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Computer Network Emergency Response Technical Team/Coordination Center of China (CNCERT/CC), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087772"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101767499","display_name":"Gang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6913-6799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130633384","display_name":"Guangzhou Sport University","ror":"https://ror.org/046r6pk12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130633384"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Basic Education, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Basic Education, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130633384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052950435","display_name":"Jianming Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9986-4436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianming Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074480499","display_name":"Biao Leng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3588-5622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biao Leng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Shenzhen Institute of Beihang University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Beihang University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101056456"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087772"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1942,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48735179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"104356","last_page":"104366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8303179144859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.7885547280311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.7264085412025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.7062139511108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6996884346008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6973966360092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6597918272018433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5241665840148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5130683183670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.4715825617313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46733129024505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.44103601574897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.305389940738678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2315208911895752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8303179144859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7885547280311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.7264085412025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.7062139511108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6996884346008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6973966360092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6597918272018433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5241665840148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5130683183670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4715825617313385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46733129024505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.44103601574897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.305389940738678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2315208911895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099497","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09494369.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1375b99cee5a4957b280749c8d615890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1375b99cee5a4957b280749c8d615890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 104356-104366 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3099497","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09494369.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2981938667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Shenzhen","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3162017210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201803","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3757194791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4810100390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20180307123632627","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326705","funder_display_name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7087598889","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L182014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8635105487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326705","display_name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186673452.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186673452.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1923697677","https://openalex.org/W1952794764","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2061629163","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2106841609","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2110119381","https://openalex.org/W2124351162","https://openalex.org/W2132984949","https://openalex.org/W2133324800","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2168804568","https://openalex.org/W2169551590","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2519284461","https://openalex.org/W2552414813","https://openalex.org/W2559348937","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2604260814","https://openalex.org/W2606831796","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2798269247","https://openalex.org/W2798748179","https://openalex.org/W2813911573","https://openalex.org/W2884195989","https://openalex.org/W2895236117","https://openalex.org/W2954087924","https://openalex.org/W2962867364","https://openalex.org/W2963311325","https://openalex.org/W2963458902","https://openalex.org/W2963603913","https://openalex.org/W2963676873","https://openalex.org/W2963949812","https://openalex.org/W2963952323","https://openalex.org/W2991023920","https://openalex.org/W2991533779","https://openalex.org/W2991662170","https://openalex.org/W2997125355","https://openalex.org/W3034329658","https://openalex.org/W3035725370","https://openalex.org/W3035836924","https://openalex.org/W3093501707","https://openalex.org/W3099828125","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640295612","https://openalex.org/W6675803743","https://openalex.org/W6679390333","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6783940252","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W1495267108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weakly-supervised":[0],"object":[1,23,67,78],"detection":[2],"(WSOD)":[3],"has":[4],"attracted":[5],"lots":[6],"of":[7,31,91,110,116,137,174],"attention":[8],"in":[9],"recent":[10],"years.":[11],"However,":[12],"there":[13],"is":[14,48,82],"still":[15,83],"a":[16,65],"big":[17],"gap":[18],"between":[19],"WSOD":[20,32,51,100,130],"and":[21,38,58,167,170],"generic":[22],"detection.":[24],"The":[25],"main":[26],"barriers":[27],"to":[28,52,87,106,153],"the":[29,34,61,76,80,88,114,128,134,151,172],"efficiency":[30],"are":[33,161],"ineffective":[35],"data":[36,56,148],"augmentations":[37,57],"inaccurate":[39],"bounding":[40,62,125],"box":[41],"predictions.":[42],"Given":[43],"only":[44,132],"image-level":[45],"annotations,":[46,118],"it":[47],"hard":[49],"for":[50],"effectively":[53,121],"utilize":[54],"variant":[55],"accurately":[59],"regress":[60,122],"boxes.":[63],"Although":[64],"fully-supervised":[66],"detector":[68],"can":[69,120,131,143],"be":[70],"trained":[71],"using":[72],"annotations":[73,104,142],"generated":[74],"from":[75],"weakly-supervised":[77],"detector,":[79],"performance":[81],"severely":[84],"limited":[85],"due":[86],"low":[89],"quality":[90],"mined":[92],"pseudo":[93,103,117,141],"annotations.":[94,112],"This":[95],"paper":[96],"proposes":[97],"an":[98,138],"efficient":[99],"method":[101],"with":[102],"(EWPA)":[105],"make":[107],"better":[108],"use":[109],"imperfect":[111],"With":[113],"assistance":[115],"EWPA":[119],"more":[123,146,155],"accurate":[124],"boxes":[126],"while":[127],"traditional":[129],"locate":[133],"salient":[135],"parts":[136],"object.":[139],"Furthermore,":[140],"help":[144],"design":[145],"complex":[147],"augmentations,":[149],"driving":[150],"network":[152],"learn":[154],"discriminative":[156],"feature":[157],"representations.":[158],"Extensive":[159],"experiments":[160],"conducted":[162],"on":[163],"PASCAL":[164],"VOC":[165],"2007":[166],"2012":[168],"datasets":[169],"validate":[171],"effectiveness":[173],"EWPA.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
