{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185533082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098736","title":"SFM: Mitigating Read/Write Amplification Problem of LSM-Tree-Based Key-Value Stores","display_name":"SFM: Mitigating Read/Write Amplification Problem of LSM-Tree-Based Key-Value Stores","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185533082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098736","mag":"3185533082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3098736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098736","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491041.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491041.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063540028","display_name":"Hoyoung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2984-0914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoyoung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2984-0914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342782","display_name":"Minho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0677-4480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0677-4480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038152942","display_name":"Young Ik Eom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6141-8054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young Ik Eom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Computing and Informatics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6141-8054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Computing and Informatics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0634,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78159028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"103153","last_page":"103166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge","display_name":"Merge (version control)","score":0.8517640829086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8196409940719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/associative-array","display_name":"Associative array","score":0.4925280511379242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.433165967464447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4203988313674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.410074383020401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3929895758628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3673769235610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.341869980096817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.32843518257141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.18280115723609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.17130526900291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12135189771652222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.8517640829086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8196409940719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168781493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80585","display_name":"Associative array","level":2,"score":0.4925280511379242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.433165967464447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4203988313674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.410074383020401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3929895758628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3673769235610962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.341869980096817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.32843518257141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.18280115723609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.17130526900291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12135189771652222}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3098736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098736","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491041.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d549a9d5566f4d0a922844c0087ea600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d549a9d5566f4d0a922844c0087ea600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 103153-103166 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3098736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098736","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491041.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2578638956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015-0-00284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5745096135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015M3C4A7065696","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6181601083","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2015M3C4A7065696","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501153472","https://openalex.org/W1533567700","https://openalex.org/W1981420413","https://openalex.org/W1985229168","https://openalex.org/W2068739275","https://openalex.org/W2069074882","https://openalex.org/W2087946700","https://openalex.org/W2090330503","https://openalex.org/W2153704625","https://openalex.org/W2156448604","https://openalex.org/W2186615578","https://openalex.org/W2265297126","https://openalex.org/W2282669236","https://openalex.org/W2568733417","https://openalex.org/W2594680891","https://openalex.org/W2605800201","https://openalex.org/W2615687129","https://openalex.org/W2620824566","https://openalex.org/W2626632960","https://openalex.org/W2764131694","https://openalex.org/W2765113847","https://openalex.org/W2770617898","https://openalex.org/W2798441769","https://openalex.org/W2802813421","https://openalex.org/W2892912285","https://openalex.org/W2958398422","https://openalex.org/W2961852925","https://openalex.org/W2963379900","https://openalex.org/W3005310413","https://openalex.org/W3021801092","https://openalex.org/W3045801601","https://openalex.org/W3046600275","https://openalex.org/W3098583838","https://openalex.org/W3133574645","https://openalex.org/W4249823756","https://openalex.org/W6668015197","https://openalex.org/W6686509673","https://openalex.org/W6695445732","https://openalex.org/W6739233426","https://openalex.org/W6739426613","https://openalex.org/W6751625081","https://openalex.org/W6765609930","https://openalex.org/W6765996500","https://openalex.org/W6773644217","https://openalex.org/W6781592706","https://openalex.org/W6781857752","https://openalex.org/W6790710963","https://openalex.org/W6983205581"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3024364549","https://openalex.org/W4206019083","https://openalex.org/W2048865712","https://openalex.org/W1976265003","https://openalex.org/W2370378377","https://openalex.org/W4234886518","https://openalex.org/W2130160813","https://openalex.org/W2389591058","https://openalex.org/W2054476758","https://openalex.org/W2350613701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Persistent":[0],"key-value":[1,25],"stores":[2,26],"have":[3,177],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"adopted":[6],"as":[7,30,40],"storage":[8,45],"engines":[9],"for":[10,66,110,156],"modern":[11],"IT":[12],"infrastructures":[13],"because":[14],"they":[15],"provide":[16],"high":[17,41,104,122],"performance":[18,186],"with":[19,216],"simple":[20],"design":[21],"principles.":[22],"Moreover,":[23],"many":[24],"commonly":[27],"employ":[28],"LSM-tree":[29,49,144,149],"their":[31,173],"index":[32],"structure":[33],"due":[34],"to":[35,57,99,207,235,251],"its":[36,133,229],"attractive":[37],"features":[38],"such":[39],"write":[42,69,135,223],"throughput":[43,204],"and":[44,183,225],"space":[46],"efficiency.":[47],"Unfortunately,":[48],"has":[50],"critical":[51],"drawbacks":[52],"in":[53,88],"that":[54,77,102,200,228],"it":[55],"leads":[56],"write/read":[58],"amplification":[59,70,124,243],"problem.":[60],"One":[61],"of":[62,81,90,126,167,188,194,245],"the":[63,68,73,79,93,121,127,157,164,185,217,241,246],"prevalent":[64],"solutions":[65],"remedying":[67],"problem":[71,125,244],"is":[72,231],"tiering":[74,94,128],"merge":[75,85,95,129,153],"policy":[76,96],"reduces":[78],"number":[80],"rewrites":[82],"by":[83,170,205,233,239,249],"delaying":[84],"operations.":[86,113],"However,":[87],"spite":[89],"this":[91,115],"advantage,":[92],"may":[97],"lead":[98],"a":[100,142],"side-effect":[101],"induces":[103],"read":[105,112,123,165,242],"amplification,":[106,224],"increasing":[107],"search/scan":[108],"cost":[109],"upcoming":[111],"In":[114],"paper,":[116],"we":[117,140],"concentrate":[118],"on":[119,181,237],"mitigating":[120,240],"policy,":[130],"while":[131,220],"maintaining":[132,221],"low":[134,222],"amplification.":[136],"To":[137],"achieve":[138],"this,":[139,161],"propose":[141],"novel":[143],"scheme,":[145],"called":[146],"Spatially":[147],"Fragmented":[148],"(SFM),":[150],"which":[151],"delays":[152],"operations":[154],"only":[155],"non-read-intensive":[158],"key-spaces.":[159],"For":[160],"SFM":[162,179],"identifies":[163],"intensity":[166],"each":[168],"key-spaces":[169],"dynamically":[171],"estimating":[172],"read/write":[174],"hotness.":[175],"We":[176],"implemented":[178],"based":[180],"PebblesDB":[182],"evaluated":[184],"benefits":[187],"our":[189,201],"scheme":[190,202],"under":[191],"real-world":[192],"workloads":[193],"Facebook.":[195],"Experimental":[196],"results":[197],"clearly":[198],"show":[199],"improves":[203],"up":[206,234,250],"<inline-formula":[208],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[209],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[210],"<tex-math":[211],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.67\\times":[212],"$":[213],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[214],"compared":[215],"conventional":[218],"schemes":[219],"also":[226],"indicate":[227],"latency":[230],"lowered":[232],"41.41%":[236],"average":[238],"existing":[247],"schemes,":[248],"43.68%.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}