{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3183198325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098688","title":"An Integrated Machine Learning Framework for Effective Prediction of Cardiovascular Diseases","display_name":"An Integrated Machine Learning Framework for Effective Prediction of Cardiovascular Diseases","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3183198325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098688","mag":"3183198325"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3098688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098688","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491140.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491140.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073491594","display_name":"Aqsa Rahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1111-2185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aqsa Rahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026526820","display_name":"Yawar Rasheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-997X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yawar Rasheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040585772","display_name":"Farooque Azam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7421-7400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farooque Azam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045766368","display_name":"Muhammad Waseem Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-5683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Waseem Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101869316","display_name":"Muhammad Abdul Basit Ur Rahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-6839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Abdul Rahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076946760","display_name":"Abdul Wahab Muzaffar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-0378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Wahab Muzaffar","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073491594"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":30.0816,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":173,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99613986,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"106575","last_page":"106588"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6601434946060181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.652259349822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6069462895393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5969286561012268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5749355554580688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.5534939765930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4980335235595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/framingham-heart-study","display_name":"Framingham Heart Study","score":0.47331273555755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.42721912264823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-pressure","display_name":"Blood pressure","score":0.4260876774787903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39869335293769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/framingham-risk-score","display_name":"Framingham Risk Score","score":0.2619706392288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.20672449469566345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.12950846552848816}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6601434946060181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.652259349822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6069462895393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5969286561012268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5749355554580688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5534939765930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4980335235595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111815664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440693","display_name":"Framingham Heart Study","level":4,"score":0.47331273555755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.42721912264823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.4260876774787903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39869335293769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11783203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5478027","display_name":"Framingham Risk Score","level":3,"score":0.2619706392288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20672449469566345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12950846552848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3098688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098688","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491140.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ef9f0568239743dabd1499414e0de469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ef9f0568239743dabd1499414e0de469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 106575-106588 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3098688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098688","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491140.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3183198325.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3183198325.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544620651","https://openalex.org/W1977098485","https://openalex.org/W1982080117","https://openalex.org/W1990480090","https://openalex.org/W2004537220","https://openalex.org/W2088610905","https://openalex.org/W2109980155","https://openalex.org/W2176751751","https://openalex.org/W2238604197","https://openalex.org/W2264283731","https://openalex.org/W2296490552","https://openalex.org/W2507837007","https://openalex.org/W2547218782","https://openalex.org/W2548593345","https://openalex.org/W2592717708","https://openalex.org/W2743192136","https://openalex.org/W2768092558","https://openalex.org/W2782996755","https://openalex.org/W2784249848","https://openalex.org/W2791915062","https://openalex.org/W2792901297","https://openalex.org/W2796884049","https://openalex.org/W2798381092","https://openalex.org/W2807121762","https://openalex.org/W2890717576","https://openalex.org/W2894543465","https://openalex.org/W2900374423","https://openalex.org/W2901800039","https://openalex.org/W2903778972","https://openalex.org/W2907465059","https://openalex.org/W2908604688","https://openalex.org/W2908828888","https://openalex.org/W2941927753","https://openalex.org/W2945470355","https://openalex.org/W2955201199","https://openalex.org/W2964462869","https://openalex.org/W2967912576","https://openalex.org/W2977597934","https://openalex.org/W2994870350","https://openalex.org/W2999476580","https://openalex.org/W3001157157","https://openalex.org/W3005648791","https://openalex.org/W3006100806","https://openalex.org/W3018828627","https://openalex.org/W3046494856","https://openalex.org/W3128871205","https://openalex.org/W3138937203","https://openalex.org/W3204286438","https://openalex.org/W4246975677","https://openalex.org/W6685446508","https://openalex.org/W6693260814","https://openalex.org/W6792183989","https://openalex.org/W6922628273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W972276598","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2087343574","https://openalex.org/W4386564352","https://openalex.org/W2952668426","https://openalex.org/W2113375444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cardiovascular":[0,100],"diseases":[1,39,112],"are":[2,26,40,191,202],"considered":[3],"as":[4,210],"the":[5,10,29,70,82,107,117,122,183,195,213,230],"most":[6],"life-threatening":[7],"syndromes":[8],"with":[9,113,121,163],"highest":[11],"mortality":[12],"rate":[13],"globally.":[14],"Over":[15],"a":[16,95],"period":[17],"of":[18,32,37,72,89,110,151,168,185,208,233],"time,":[19],"they":[20],"have":[21,62],"become":[22],"very":[23],"common":[24],"and":[25,54,75,85,129,154,180,182,188,222],"now":[27],"overstretching":[28],"healthcare":[30],"systems":[31],"countries.":[33],"The":[34,166],"major":[35],"factors":[36],"cardiovascular":[38,90,111,234],"high":[41,114],"blood":[42],"pressure,":[43],"family":[44],"history,":[45],"stress,":[46],"age,":[47],"gender,":[48],"cholesterol,":[49],"Body":[50],"Mass":[51],"Index":[52],"(BMI),":[53],"unhealthy":[55],"lifestyle.":[56],"Based":[57],"on":[58],"these":[59],"factors,":[60],"researchers":[61],"proposed":[63,73,105,160],"various":[64],"approaches":[65,76],"for":[66,106,145,161,229],"early":[67,231],"diagnosis.":[68],"However,":[69],"accuracy":[71],"techniques":[74],"needs":[77],"certain":[78],"improvements":[79],"due":[80],"to":[81,212],"inherent":[83],"criticality":[84],"life":[86],"threatening":[87],"risks":[88],"diseases.":[91,235],"In":[92],"this":[93],"article,":[94],"MaLCaDD":[96,200,218],"(Machine":[97],"Learning":[98],"based":[99],"Disease":[101,179],"Diagnosis)":[102],"framework":[103,118,169],"is":[104,143,159,170,219],"effective":[108],"prediction":[109,162],"precision.":[115],"Particularly,":[116],"first":[119],"deals":[120],"missing":[123],"values":[124],"(via":[125,132],"mean":[126],"replacement":[127],"technique)":[128],"data":[130],"imbalance":[131],"Synthetic":[133],"Minority":[134],"Over-sampling":[135],"Technique":[136],"-":[137],"SMOTE).":[138],"Subsequently,":[139],"Feature":[140],"Importance":[141],"technique":[142],"utilized":[144],"feature":[146],"selection.":[147],"Finally,":[148,194],"an":[149],"ensemble":[150],"Logistic":[152],"Regression":[153],"K-Nearest":[155],"Neighbor":[156],"(KNN)":[157],"classifiers":[158],"higher":[164],"accuracy.":[165],"validation":[167],"performed":[171],"through":[172],"three":[173],"benchmark":[174],"datasets":[175],"(i.e.":[176],"Framingham,":[177],"Heart":[178],"Cleveland)":[181],"accuracies":[184],"99.1%,":[186],"98.0%":[187],"95.5":[189],"%":[190],"achieved":[192],"respectively.":[193],"comparative":[196],"analysis":[197],"proves":[198],"that":[199],"predictions":[201],"more":[203],"accurate":[204],"(with":[205],"reduced":[206],"set":[207],"features)":[209],"compared":[211],"existing":[214],"state-of-the-art":[215],"approaches.":[216],"Therefore,":[217],"highly":[220],"reliable":[221],"can":[223],"be":[224],"applied":[225],"in":[226],"real":[227],"environment":[228],"diagnosis":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}