{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186538607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098638","title":"Uplink Signal Detection for Scalable Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems With Robustness to Rate-Limited Fronthaul","display_name":"Uplink Signal Detection for Scalable Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems With Robustness to Rate-Limited Fronthaul","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186538607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098638","mag":"3186538607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3098638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098638","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491141.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491141.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101808614","display_name":"Kengo Ando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0905-2109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kengo Ando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center (AWCC), The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Chofu-shi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0905-2109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center (AWCC), The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Chofu-shi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035223809","display_name":"Hiroki Iimori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-1513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193619901","display_name":"Constructor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrs2n53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193619901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroki Iimori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Focus Area Mobility, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-1513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Focus Area Mobility, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193619901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041356552","display_name":"Takumi Takahashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5141-6247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takumi Takahashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5141-6247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059209567","display_name":"Koji Ishibashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-5622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koji Ishibashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center (AWCC), The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Chofu-shi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-5622","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center (AWCC), The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Chofu-shi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042210188","display_name":"Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-8174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193619901","display_name":"Constructor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrs2n53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193619901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas De Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Focus Area Mobility, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-8174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Focus Area Mobility, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193619901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.7702,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84786787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"102770","last_page":"102782"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.8362382650375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7410634160041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7049623131752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6995885968208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5329521298408508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.5243392586708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.40254440903663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3572593927383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3541695475578308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3312857747077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13998743891716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10327160358428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07963863015174866}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.8362382650375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7410634160041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7049623131752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6995885968208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5329521298408508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.5243392586708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40254440903663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3572593927383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3541695475578308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3312857747077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13998743891716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10327160358428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07963863015174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3098638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098638","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491141.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:00aca99492cf49098fd352b00ed7b541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/00aca99492cf49098fd352b00ed7b541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 102770-102782 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3098638","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3098638","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09491141.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3723536152","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPJ000254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325628","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325628","display_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs1pz50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186538607.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186538607.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1870121198","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1992036418","https://openalex.org/W2113193399","https://openalex.org/W2130868358","https://openalex.org/W2134916061","https://openalex.org/W2139317044","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2152053270","https://openalex.org/W2162748721","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2596621252","https://openalex.org/W2902059755","https://openalex.org/W2945463326","https://openalex.org/W2962917198","https://openalex.org/W2963602028","https://openalex.org/W2964042011","https://openalex.org/W2964241387","https://openalex.org/W2965123227","https://openalex.org/W2965486946","https://openalex.org/W2969445624","https://openalex.org/W2974046131","https://openalex.org/W2985994751","https://openalex.org/W2990168768","https://openalex.org/W3003247710","https://openalex.org/W3010855750","https://openalex.org/W3013384133","https://openalex.org/W3015111465","https://openalex.org/W3037639361","https://openalex.org/W3091852078","https://openalex.org/W3102629668","https://openalex.org/W3114453971","https://openalex.org/W3127471281","https://openalex.org/W3134929776","https://openalex.org/W6676682836"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548963335","https://openalex.org/W2159941915","https://openalex.org/W1995129237","https://openalex.org/W4388081250","https://openalex.org/W2909457694","https://openalex.org/W1761601995","https://openalex.org/W2904599916","https://openalex.org/W4321608401","https://openalex.org/W4300468626","https://openalex.org/W3193749313"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"consider":[1],"the":[2,43,46,84,94,98,112,124,127,140,149,162,168],"problem":[3],"of":[4,66,86,93,97,139,151,165],"uplink":[5],"signal":[6],"detection":[7,144],"in":[8,29,42,132],"scalable":[9],"cell-free":[10],"mMIMO":[11],"(CF-mMIMO)":[12],"systems":[13],"subject":[14],"to":[15,159],"limited":[16,87],"fronthaul":[17,88],"link":[18],"capacity":[19,89],"and":[20,59,170],"highly":[21],"correlated":[22],"channel":[23,57],"conditions.":[24],"Unlike":[25],"centralized":[26],"MIMO":[27],"systems,":[28],"which":[30,81,105,155],"all":[31],"receive":[32,60],"antennas":[33,166],"are":[34,79,156],"placed":[35],"at":[36],"a":[37,49,64,73,107,133],"central":[38],"access":[39,68],"point":[40],"(CAP),":[41],"CF-mMIMO":[44],"architecture":[45],"CAP":[47,169],"serving":[48],"given":[50],"area":[51],"also":[52],"uses":[53],"information":[54],"(":[55],"i.e.":[56],"estimates":[58],"signals)":[61],"collected":[62],"by":[63,90],"set":[65],"surrounding":[67],"points":[69],"(APs).":[70],"For":[71],"such":[72],"scenario,":[74],"two":[75],"new":[76],"robust":[77],"receivers":[78],"designed,":[80],"can":[82],"combat":[83],"effects":[85],"leveraging":[91],"knowledge":[92],"heteroscedastic":[95,130],"covariance":[96,131],"resulting":[99],"effective":[100,128],"noise.":[101],"The":[102],"first":[103],"receiver,":[104],"has":[106],"higher":[108],"complexity":[109],"but":[110],"yields":[111],"best":[113],"performance,":[114],"is":[115],"based":[116],"on":[117],"an":[118],"expectation":[119],"propagation":[120],"(EP)":[121],"approach,":[122],"while":[123],"second":[125],"employs":[126],"noise":[129],"generalized":[134],"least":[135],"squares":[136],"(GLS)":[137],"variation":[138],"maximum":[141],"likelihood":[142],"(ML)":[143],"problem.":[145],"Simulation":[146],"results":[147],"confirm":[148],"efficacy":[150],"both":[152],"proposed":[153],"receivers,":[154],"further":[157],"employed":[158],"empirically":[160],"study":[161],"optimum":[163],"distribution":[164],"among":[167],"APs.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}