{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3185772024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3097964","title":"Vehicle-Rear: A New Dataset to Explore Feature Fusion for Vehicle Identification Using Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Vehicle-Rear: A New Dataset to Explore Feature Fusion for Vehicle Identification Using Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3185772024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3097964","mag":"3185772024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3097964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3097964","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09490218.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09490218.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074881802","display_name":"\u00cdcaro Oliveira de Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1479-6970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Icaro O. De Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Post-Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Paran&#x00E1;, Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1479-6970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Post-Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Paran&#x00E1;, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042365972","display_name":"Rayson Laroca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1943-2711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52418104","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/05syd6y78","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rayson Laroca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paran&#x00E1;, Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1943-2711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paran&#x00E1;, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033489756","display_name":"David Menotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2430-2030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52418104","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/05syd6y78","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Menotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paran&#x00E1;, Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2430-2030","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paran&#x00E1;, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039179485","display_name":"Keiko V. O. Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4685-299X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keiko Veronica Ono Fonseca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Post-Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Paran&#x00E1;, Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4685-299X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Post-Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Paran&#x00E1;, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055631823","display_name":"Rodrigo Minetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2277-4632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Minetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Post-Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Paran&#x00E1;, Curitiba, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2277-4632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Post-Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology-Paran&#x00E1;, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.4882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93123366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"101065","last_page":"101077"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7983489036560059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7551296353340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6391316056251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6016660332679749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5703820586204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5078030228614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4779950678348541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.46726956963539124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.44433847069740295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7983489036560059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7551296353340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6391316056251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6016660332679749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5703820586204529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5078030228614807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4779950678348541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.46726956963539124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.44433847069740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3097964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3097964","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09490218.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1911.05541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.05541","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.05541","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3101d1d879fe4e0e8a1fb6d626c22f53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3101d1d879fe4e0e8a1fb6d626c22f53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 101065-101077 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3097964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3097964","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09490218.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G431850885","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"428333/2016-8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4590890819","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"88887.516264/2020-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7051513095","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"313423/2017-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7854306513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"309292/2020-4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8759956130","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"308879/2020-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W567122176","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1955055330","https://openalex.org/W1964846093","https://openalex.org/W1983364832","https://openalex.org/W2001297828","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2065896507","https://openalex.org/W2066186840","https://openalex.org/W2070439088","https://openalex.org/W2087461551","https://openalex.org/W2102067281","https://openalex.org/W2109860743","https://openalex.org/W2127589108","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2157598322","https://openalex.org/W2161237103","https://openalex.org/W2171590421","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2257307118","https://openalex.org/W2287318397","https://openalex.org/W2404399450","https://openalex.org/W2470322391","https://openalex.org/W2480418339","https://openalex.org/W2495961871","https://openalex.org/W2512434173","https://openalex.org/W2519904008","https://openalex.org/W2524986418","https://openalex.org/W2604593829","https://openalex.org/W2756012011","https://openalex.org/W2767598133","https://openalex.org/W2779003141","https://openalex.org/W2786225488","https://openalex.org/W2788907956","https://openalex.org/W2789546350","https://openalex.org/W2789938689","https://openalex.org/W2791773255","https://openalex.org/W2792464919","https://openalex.org/W2792701502","https://openalex.org/W2802810579","https://openalex.org/W2889985731","https://openalex.org/W2895160027","https://openalex.org/W2904782685","https://openalex.org/W2910568567","https://openalex.org/W2915052120","https://openalex.org/W2915544703","https://openalex.org/W2917267381","https://openalex.org/W2919317477","https://openalex.org/W2924114011","https://openalex.org/W2936222941","https://openalex.org/W2949607082","https://openalex.org/W2953759675","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W2963977416","https://openalex.org/W2965843888","https://openalex.org/W2971247036","https://openalex.org/W2971553110","https://openalex.org/W2982038493","https://openalex.org/W2991290813","https://openalex.org/W2991582583","https://openalex.org/W3009457572","https://openalex.org/W3088193989","https://openalex.org/W3091905774","https://openalex.org/W3099051262","https://openalex.org/W3099319035","https://openalex.org/W3100399724","https://openalex.org/W3101186801","https://openalex.org/W3129845173","https://openalex.org/W3174112294","https://openalex.org/W4249625263","https://openalex.org/W4294391685","https://openalex.org/W6615981390","https://openalex.org/W6726373078","https://openalex.org/W6735570655","https://openalex.org/W6776885052","https://openalex.org/W6783596713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W2947043951","https://openalex.org/W4399188509","https://openalex.org/W4312417841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,90],"work":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,38,51,76,83,115,141,191],"problem":[4],"of":[5,31,44,55,75,131,165,180],"vehicle":[6,21,133,203],"identification":[7,54],"through":[8],"non-overlapping":[9],"cameras.":[10,139],"As":[11],"our":[12,61,187],"main":[13],"contribution,":[14],"we":[15,63,144,189],"introduce":[16],"a":[17,65,96,124,129,146,163,178],"novel":[18],"dataset":[19,62,210],"for":[20,148,184],"identification,":[22],"called":[23],"Vehicle-Rear,":[24],"that":[25,71,127],"contains":[26],"more":[27],"than":[28],"three":[29],"hours":[30],"high-resolution":[32,166],"videos,":[33],"with":[34,104],"accurate":[35],"information":[36],"about":[37],"make,":[39],"model,":[40],"color":[41],"and":[42,53,79,86,159,209],"year":[43],"nearly":[45],"3,000":[46],"vehicles,":[47],"in":[48],"addition":[49],"to":[50,94,153],"position":[52],"their":[56],"license":[57,88,111,167],"plates.":[58],"To":[59],"explore":[60],"design":[64],"two-stream":[66,192],"Convolutional":[67],"Neural":[68],"Network":[69],"(CNN)":[70],"simultaneously":[72],"uses":[73,128],"two":[74,137],"most":[77],"distinctive":[78],"persistent":[80],"features":[81,171],"available:":[82],"vehicle\u2019s":[84],"appearance":[85],"its":[87],"plate.":[89],"is":[91],"an":[92],"attempt":[93],"tackle":[95],"major":[97],"problem:":[98],"false":[99],"alarms":[100],"caused":[101],"by":[102,108,123,136,177],"vehicles":[103],"similar":[105],"designs":[106],"or":[107,201],"very":[109],"close":[110],"plate":[112,168],"identifiers.":[113],"In":[114,140,186],"first":[116],"network":[117,193],"stream,":[118,143],"shape":[119],"similarities":[120,161],"are":[121,175,211],"identified":[122],"Siamese":[125],"CNN":[126,147,197],"pair":[130,164],"low-resolution":[132],"patches":[134],"recorded":[135],"different":[138],"second":[142],"use":[145],"Optical":[149],"Character":[150],"Recognition":[151],"(OCR)":[152],"extract":[154],"textual":[155],"information,":[156],"confidence":[157],"scores,":[158],"string":[160],"from":[162,172],"patches.":[169],"Then,":[170],"both":[173],"streams":[174],"merged":[176],"sequence":[179],"fully":[181],"connected":[182],"layers":[183],"decision.":[185],"experiments,":[188],"compared":[190],"against":[194],"several":[195],"well-known":[196],"architectures":[198],"using":[199],"single":[200],"multiple":[202],"features.":[204],"The":[205],"architectures,":[206],"trained":[207],"models,":[208],"publicly":[212],"available":[213],"at":[214],"<italic":[215],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[216],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><uri>https://github.com/icarofua/vehicle-rear</uri></i>":[217],".":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2021-08-02T00:00:00"}
