{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186859750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3097444","title":"Joint Detection and Decoding of Mixed-ADC Large-Scale MIMO Communication Systems With Protograph LDPC Codes","display_name":"Joint Detection and Decoding of Mixed-ADC Large-Scale MIMO Communication Systems With Protograph LDPC Codes","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186859750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3097444","mag":"3186859750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3097444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3097444","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09486961.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09486961.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004878749","display_name":"Hung N. Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6360-2824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600977","display_name":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0363rtq22","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung N. Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6360-2824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629902","display_name":"Hieu T. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2392-3492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801380234","display_name":"University of South-Eastern Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/05ecg5h20","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hieu T. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Industry Systems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2392-3492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Industry Systems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801380234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035168530","display_name":"Thuy V. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8182-6290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600977","display_name":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0363rtq22","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thuy V. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8182-6290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.823,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85761032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"101013","last_page":"101029"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7651671171188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-density-parity-check-code","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","score":0.6702961921691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6347533464431763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.6290821433067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5802781581878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4102970361709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3838961720466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14480647444725037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.11652356386184692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09681707620620728}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7651671171188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67692717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187444","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","level":3,"score":0.6702961921691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6347533464431763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.6290821433067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5802781581878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4102970361709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3838961720466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14480647444725037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.11652356386184692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09681707620620728}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3097444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3097444","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09486961.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc2f844082924105abda51d7c591c496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc2f844082924105abda51d7c591c496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 101013-101029 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openarchive.usn.no:11250/2978850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2978850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"101013-101029","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3097444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3097444","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09486961.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3852400320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VINIF.2020.TS","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328994","funder_display_name":"Qu\u1ef9 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Vingroup"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7530336369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VINIF.2020.TS.130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328994","funder_display_name":"Qu\u1ef9 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Vingroup"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318839","display_name":"T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Vingroup - C\u00f4ng ty CP","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328994","display_name":"Qu\u1ef9 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Vingroup","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186859750.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186859750.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530423018","https://openalex.org/W1541541659","https://openalex.org/W1964402820","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2020644915","https://openalex.org/W2055923209","https://openalex.org/W2071042733","https://openalex.org/W2118334163","https://openalex.org/W2127490352","https://openalex.org/W2129027280","https://openalex.org/W2156581331","https://openalex.org/W2160390925","https://openalex.org/W2262641688","https://openalex.org/W2407842861","https://openalex.org/W2560226714","https://openalex.org/W2564467643","https://openalex.org/W2597206177","https://openalex.org/W2599148673","https://openalex.org/W2789947301","https://openalex.org/W2912359871","https://openalex.org/W2913414785","https://openalex.org/W2916697929","https://openalex.org/W2918650740","https://openalex.org/W2964005248","https://openalex.org/W2964575989","https://openalex.org/W2968417327","https://openalex.org/W2969519626","https://openalex.org/W2969964820","https://openalex.org/W2978796045","https://openalex.org/W2994292590","https://openalex.org/W2999502906","https://openalex.org/W3000801205","https://openalex.org/W3010137735","https://openalex.org/W3131309114","https://openalex.org/W3162732792","https://openalex.org/W6790316605","https://openalex.org/W6795342955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2903058006","https://openalex.org/W2102374550","https://openalex.org/W2047069332","https://openalex.org/W2352157218","https://openalex.org/W2806845321","https://openalex.org/W4293418541","https://openalex.org/W2393084694","https://openalex.org/W4213381250","https://openalex.org/W2120275292","https://openalex.org/W2070062388"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"large-scale":[1],"multiple-input":[2],"multiple-output":[3],"(LS-MIMO)":[4],"with":[5,56,118,141],"low-resolution":[6,196],"analog-to-digital":[7],"converters":[8],"(ADCs)":[9],"is":[10,66,116,122,129,198,211],"a":[11,106,158,161,224],"favorable":[12],"transmission":[13],"scheme":[14],"for":[15,52,133],"5G":[16],"and":[17,31,44,82,205],"beyond":[18],"wireless":[19],"networks":[20],"to":[21,32,68],"reduce":[22],"the":[23,27,34,40,49,71,90,93,101,134,148,151,154,168,172,177,184,193,206,218,232],"power":[24,108,225],"consumption":[25],"of":[26,73,92,150,160,187,195,208,227,243],"radio":[28],"frequency":[29],"chains":[30],"increase":[33,152],"network":[35],"capacity.":[36],"This":[37],"paper":[38],"derives":[39],"joint":[41],"message-passing":[42],"detection":[43],"decoding":[45],"algorithm":[46,65],"based":[47,174,220],"on":[48],"double-layer":[50],"graph":[51],"LS-MIMO":[53,83],"communication":[54],"systems":[55,140],"mixed-ADCs.":[57],"The":[58,86],"new":[59],"protograph":[60,74],"extrinsic":[61],"information":[62],"chart":[63],"(PEXIT)":[64],"developed":[67],"analytically":[69],"evaluate":[70],"performance":[72],"low-density":[75],"parity-check":[76],"code":[77],"under":[78],"various":[79],"mixed-ADC":[80,102,139],"combinations":[81],"configuration":[84,191],"scenarios.":[85],"simulation":[87],"results":[88],"validate":[89],"accuracy":[91],"proposed":[94],"algorithm.":[95],"Furthermore,":[96],"our":[97],"experiments":[98],"show":[99],"that":[100,124],"system":[103,170,175,221],"can":[104,222],"achieve":[105],"significant":[107,145],"gain":[109,226],"even":[110],"when":[111],"only":[112],"one":[113],"received":[114],"antenna":[115],"equipped":[117],"high-resolution":[119,135,209],"ADCs.":[120],"It":[121],"observed":[123],"4-bit":[125],"or":[126,179,237],"5-bit":[127],"resolution":[128,156],"an":[130],"optimal":[131],"choice":[132],"receive":[136],"antennas.":[137],"Interestingly,":[138],"Ternay-ADCs":[142],"generally":[143],"provide":[144],"gains":[146],"at":[147,176,231],"cost":[149],"in":[153],"average":[155,181],"by":[157],"fraction":[159],"bit.":[162],"There":[163],"are":[164],"specific":[165],"scenarios":[166],"where":[167,192],"Ternary-ADC-based":[169],"outperforms":[171],"1-bit-ADC":[173],"same":[178],"lower":[180],"resolution.":[182],"In":[183],"particular":[185],"case":[186],"16":[188],"\u00d716":[189],"MIMO":[190],"number":[194,207],"antennas":[197,210],"N":[199,212],"<sub":[200,213],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[201,214,246],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">L</sub>":[202],"=":[203,216],"12":[204],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">H</sub>":[215],"4,":[217],"Ternary-ADC":[219],"obtain":[223],"about":[228],"2":[229],"dB":[230],"frame":[233],"error":[234,239],"rate":[235,240],"(FER)":[236],"bit":[238],"(BER)":[241],"level":[242],"10":[244],"<sup":[245],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-5</sup>":[247],".":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}