{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3180610907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3095914","title":"Linear Model Selection and Regularization for Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Prediction of Patients With Prostate Cancer Using R","display_name":"Linear Model Selection and Regularization for Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Prediction of Patients With Prostate Cancer Using R","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3180610907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3095914","mag":"3180610907"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3095914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3095914","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09478855.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09478855.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gongli Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-7090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gongli Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-7090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452611","display_name":"Han Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9800-9948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4324,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64353372,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"97591","last_page":"97602"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10124","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10124","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10543","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research","score":0.9125999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastic-net-regularization","display_name":"Elastic net regularization","score":0.6848630905151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate-cancer","display_name":"Prostate cancer","score":0.6412826180458069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.637975811958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lasso","display_name":"Lasso (programming language)","score":0.5797469019889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate","display_name":"Prostate","score":0.49574217200279236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate-specific-antigen","display_name":"Prostate-specific antigen","score":0.44866853952407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.4412476122379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.42683807015419006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-regression","display_name":"Linear regression","score":0.41702038049697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3705487847328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.36429929733276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3600863814353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.338827908039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.3177228569984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.2753469944000244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203868755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5353562","display_name":"Elastic net regularization","level":3,"score":0.6848630905151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780192828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257","display_name":"Prostate cancer","level":3,"score":0.6412826180458069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.637975811958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37616216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3218363","display_name":"Lasso (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5797469019889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9625","display_name":"Prostate","level":3,"score":0.49574217200279236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781406297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409450","display_name":"Prostate-specific antigen","level":4,"score":0.44866853952407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.4412476122379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.42683807015419006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.41702038049697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3705487847328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.36429929733276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3600863814353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.338827908039093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.3177228569984436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2753469944000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3095914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3095914","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09478855.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:32546e0ed31c41fcaa3fa38ce0d845ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/32546e0ed31c41fcaa3fa38ce0d845ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 97591-97602 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3095914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3095914","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09478855.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3180610907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3180610907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49263098","https://openalex.org/W165229505","https://openalex.org/W1506069954","https://openalex.org/W1575534664","https://openalex.org/W1971624858","https://openalex.org/W1979075883","https://openalex.org/W1996118086","https://openalex.org/W2002384741","https://openalex.org/W2047028564","https://openalex.org/W2057295518","https://openalex.org/W2067601276","https://openalex.org/W2068717806","https://openalex.org/W2073134737","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2101593431","https://openalex.org/W2107021610","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W2123553801","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2158196600","https://openalex.org/W2158863190","https://openalex.org/W2164913604","https://openalex.org/W2327885123","https://openalex.org/W2418785680","https://openalex.org/W2740586183","https://openalex.org/W2810898800","https://openalex.org/W2889646458","https://openalex.org/W2903058596","https://openalex.org/W2966362388","https://openalex.org/W3026479904","https://openalex.org/W4245590443","https://openalex.org/W4255455317","https://openalex.org/W6606682418","https://openalex.org/W6766767981","https://openalex.org/W6777045754","https://openalex.org/W6941335520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2468272465","https://openalex.org/W2429564919","https://openalex.org/W757986597","https://openalex.org/W4212910148","https://openalex.org/W4213314600","https://openalex.org/W4210804200","https://openalex.org/W2954774635","https://openalex.org/W2380784125","https://openalex.org/W2765894738","https://openalex.org/W1997711767"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prostate":[0],"cancer":[1,6,15,88,202],"is":[2,28,53,80,146,152,214],"the":[3,58,69,92,141,191,226,247],"commonly":[4],"diagnosed":[5],"worldwide,":[7],"and":[8,17,48,61,103,111,157,168,172,185,209,222,250,258],"there":[9],"were":[10],"1,276":[11],"thousand":[12,19],"new":[13],"prostate":[14,34,41,87,200],"cases":[16],"359":[18],"deaths":[20],"in":[21,31],"2018.":[22],"Prostate-specific":[23],"antigen":[24],"(PSA)":[25],"blood":[26],"level":[27,73],"often":[29],"elevated":[30],"men":[32],"with":[33],"cancer,":[35],"so":[36,68],"PSA":[37,51,72],"testing":[38,52],"can":[39,189],"detect":[40],"tumours":[42],"when":[43],"they":[44],"are":[45,225,243,252],"small,":[46],"low-grade,":[47],"localized.":[49],"The":[50,163,194,230],"hard":[54],"to":[55,82,148],"apply":[56],"on":[57,135,177,260],"less":[59],"developed":[60],"poor":[62],"areas":[63],"without":[64],"sufficient":[65],"medical":[66],"funds,":[67],"early":[70],"accurate":[71],"prediction":[74,138,187],"by":[75,254],"statistical":[76],"machine":[77],"learning":[78],"models":[79,114],"significant":[81],"avoid":[83],"later":[84],"stages":[85],"of":[86,205,232,237],"that":[89,199],"spread":[90],"outside":[91],"Prostate.":[93],"In":[94],"this":[95],"literature,":[96],"we":[97],"compare":[98],"three":[99],"linear":[100],"model":[101],"selection":[102,142,174,196],"regularization":[104],"methods":[105],"(shrinkage,":[106],"subset":[107,124,127,130,173],"selection,":[108,125,128,131],"dimension":[109],"reduction)":[110],"nine":[112],"candidate":[113],"(OLS":[115],"regression,":[116,118,120],"Ridge":[117],"Lasso":[119],"Elastic":[121],"net,":[122],"best":[123],"forward":[126],"backward":[129],"PCR,":[132],"PLS)":[133],"based":[134],"leave-one-out-cross-validation":[136],"(LOOCV)":[137],"error.":[139],"As":[140],"criteria":[143],"leave-one-out":[144],"cross-validation":[145,186],"sensitive":[147],"outliers,":[149],"Mahalanobis":[150],"distance":[151],"used":[153],"for":[154],"outlier":[155],"detection":[156],"deletion":[158],"before":[159],"running":[160],"each":[161],"model.":[162],"shrinkage":[164],"method":[165,175],"(only":[166],"lasso":[167],"elastic":[169],"net":[170],"models)":[171],"(based":[176],"adjusted":[178],"<inline-formula>":[179],"<tex-math":[180],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$R^{2}$":[181],"</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[182],"BIC,":[183],"Cp,":[184],"error)":[188],"select":[190],"variables":[192,216,231],"out.":[193],"feature":[195],"results":[197,251],"show":[198],"weight,":[201],"volume,":[203],"amount":[204],"benign":[206],"prostatic":[207],"hyperplasia,":[208],"whether":[210],"seminal":[211],"vesicle":[212],"invasion":[213],"necessary":[215],"must":[217],"include":[218],"predicting":[219],"PSA.":[220],"Age":[221],"capsular":[223],"penetration":[224],"least":[227],"important":[228],"variables.":[229],"Gleason":[233,238],"score,":[234],"a":[235],"percent":[236],"scores":[239],"4":[240],"or":[241],"5":[242],"essential":[244],"sometimes.":[245],"All":[246],"diagnostic":[248],"figures":[249],"coded":[253],"R,":[255],"open":[256],"access,":[257],"published":[259],"IEEE":[261],"Xplore":[262],"Code":[263],"Ocean.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-07T14:30:12.667765","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
