{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3181131554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3095312","title":"Healthcare Techniques Through Deep Learning: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities","display_name":"Healthcare Techniques Through Deep Learning: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3181131554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3095312","mag":"3181131554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3095312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3095312","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09476037.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09476037.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018630622","display_name":"Dur-e-Maknoon Nisar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1546-0574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dur-E-Maknoon Nisar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1546-0574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007077685","display_name":"Rashid Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3143-689X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashid Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3143-689X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077406987","display_name":"Noor-Ul-Huda Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3356-5860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noor-Ul-Huda Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3356-5860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008136033","display_name":"Mohammed A. Al Ghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5993-5236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed A. Al Ghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5993-5236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085780043","display_name":"Sultan H. Almotiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1594-9115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sultan H. Almotiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1594-9115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006122294","display_name":"Meshrif Alruily","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-1848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meshrif Alruily","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-1848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018630622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.3169,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98245089,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"98523","last_page":"98541"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.743281900882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.732515811920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6449567675590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.5549601912498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.499753475189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4602026641368866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44643062353134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3862132728099823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.743281900882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.732515811920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6449567675590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5549601912498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.499753475189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4602026641368866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44643062353134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3862132728099823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3095312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3095312","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09476037.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/fcc32568-87b6-40ee-bfce-ce56c64a6ae3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.edgehill.ac.uk/en/publications/fcc32568-87b6-40ee-bfce-ce56c64a6ae3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402462","display_name":"Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165525304","host_organization_name":"Edge Hill University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165525304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nisar, D-E-M, Amin, R, Shah, N-U-H, Ghamdi, M A A, Almotiri, S H & Alruily, M 2021, 'Healthcare Techniques Through Deep Learning : Issues, Challenges and Opportunities ', IEEE Access, vol. 9, 9476037, pp. 98523-98541. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3095312","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:40a57147a2f94a20ae737dbf6c58ddf4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/40a57147a2f94a20ae737dbf6c58ddf4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 98523-98541 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3095312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3095312","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09476037.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181131554.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181131554.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":129,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66838807","https://openalex.org/W948663339","https://openalex.org/W1541250240","https://openalex.org/W1794899644","https://openalex.org/W1829852423","https://openalex.org/W1898227994","https://openalex.org/W1939592933","https://openalex.org/W1984541135","https://openalex.org/W1990652932","https://openalex.org/W1992475611","https://openalex.org/W2015861736","https://openalex.org/W2016540564","https://openalex.org/W2016589492","https://openalex.org/W2056451267","https://openalex.org/W2057630969","https://openalex.org/W2058283295","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2081258904","https://openalex.org/W2091432990","https://openalex.org/W2094015939","https://openalex.org/W2116360511","https://openalex.org/W2126981851","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2154093685","https://openalex.org/W2161160262","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2221443338","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W2342504937","https://openalex.org/W2345010043","https://openalex.org/W2405293790","https://openalex.org/W2510867321","https://openalex.org/W2511602367","https://openalex.org/W2525235915","https://openalex.org/W2531479711","https://openalex.org/W2561981131","https://openalex.org/W2581465409","https://openalex.org/W2604099920","https://openalex.org/W2605056515","https://openalex.org/W2608480353","https://openalex.org/W2610332124","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2622380070","https://openalex.org/W2731010577","https://openalex.org/W2743008510","https://openalex.org/W2755930428","https://openalex.org/W2766959165","https://openalex.org/W2770241596","https://openalex.org/W2770987547","https://openalex.org/W2777042972","https://openalex.org/W2780099243","https://openalex.org/W2783677152","https://openalex.org/W2793968975","https://openalex.org/W2795115089","https://openalex.org/W2802159733","https://openalex.org/W2806167384","https://openalex.org/W2808312419","https://openalex.org/W2884291817","https://openalex.org/W2889245000","https://openalex.org/W2893458693","https://openalex.org/W2895598278","https://openalex.org/W2897770294","https://openalex.org/W2898457169","https://openalex.org/W2901954625","https://openalex.org/W2902644322","https://openalex.org/W2905017682","https://openalex.org/W2905035821","https://openalex.org/W2906302663","https://openalex.org/W2906311950","https://openalex.org/W2907075107","https://openalex.org/W2907615080","https://openalex.org/W2911997543","https://openalex.org/W2912863798","https://openalex.org/W2914569332","https://openalex.org/W2915280689","https://openalex.org/W2916094483","https://openalex.org/W2921384086","https://openalex.org/W2921812859","https://openalex.org/W2923463496","https://openalex.org/W2924988320","https://openalex.org/W2936743816","https://openalex.org/W2946916415","https://openalex.org/W2947606239","https://openalex.org/W2949290395","https://openalex.org/W2949876223","https://openalex.org/W2951114315","https://openalex.org/W2957629889","https://openalex.org/W2962680400","https://openalex.org/W2968726102","https://openalex.org/W2970369850","https://openalex.org/W2988277897","https://openalex.org/W2990366895","https://openalex.org/W2998506103","https://openalex.org/W3003528220","https://openalex.org/W3009736969","https://openalex.org/W3010447891","https://openalex.org/W3011196999","https://openalex.org/W3023079706","https://openalex.org/W3027530687","https://openalex.org/W3033523981","https://openalex.org/W3038197756","https://openalex.org/W3043604492","https://openalex.org/W3045996423","https://openalex.org/W3085135947","https://openalex.org/W3090124822","https://openalex.org/W3093086118","https://openalex.org/W3095786883","https://openalex.org/W3095888762","https://openalex.org/W3098459681","https://openalex.org/W3103448416","https://openalex.org/W3104092265","https://openalex.org/W3109442873","https://openalex.org/W3118463267","https://openalex.org/W3119318077","https://openalex.org/W3127597934","https://openalex.org/W3168940409","https://openalex.org/W3195854109","https://openalex.org/W4211227762","https://openalex.org/W4300485340","https://openalex.org/W6625035492","https://openalex.org/W6638140878","https://openalex.org/W6691290438","https://openalex.org/W6740609221","https://openalex.org/W6746693533","https://openalex.org/W6747811457","https://openalex.org/W6749754562","https://openalex.org/W6760651593","https://openalex.org/W6787945064","https://openalex.org/W6788730342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W4304166257","https://openalex.org/W4294635752","https://openalex.org/W4383066092","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4327774331","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"artificial":[1],"intelligence,":[2],"deep":[3,93,166],"learning":[4,30,94,167],"(DL)":[5],"is":[6],"a":[7],"process":[8],"that":[9],"replicates":[10],"the":[11,15,59,70,92,120,134],"working":[12],"mechanism":[13],"of":[14,63,75],"human":[16],"brain":[17],"in":[18,37,54,97],"data":[19,150],"processing,":[20,46],"and":[21,47,61,78,87,126,149,161],"it":[22],"also":[23],"creates":[24],"patterns":[25],"for":[26,58,84,153,165],"decision":[27],"making.":[28],"Deep":[29],"or":[31],"neural":[32],"networks":[33],"have":[34,69],"been":[35,52],"deployed":[36],"several":[38],"fields,":[39,100],"such":[40],"as":[41],"computer":[42],"vision,":[43],"natural":[44],"language":[45],"speech":[48],"recognition.":[49],"It":[50],"has":[51],"used":[53,96,152],"many":[55,64],"healthcare":[56,99],"applications":[57],"diagnosis":[60],"treatment":[62],"chronic":[65],"diseases.":[66],"These":[67,115],"algorithms":[68],"power":[71],"to":[72],"avoid":[73],"outbreaks":[74],"illness,":[76],"recognize":[77],"diagnose":[79],"illnesses,":[80],"minimize":[81],"running":[82],"expenses":[83],"hospital":[85],"management":[86],"patients.":[88],"This":[89],"paper":[90],"discusses":[91],"methods":[95],"different":[98],"i.e.,":[101],"identifying":[102],"depression,":[103],"heart":[104],"diseases,":[105],"physiological":[106],"signals,":[107],"lymph":[108],"node":[109],"metastases":[110],"from":[111],"breast":[112],"cancer,":[113],"etc.":[114],"diseases":[116],"are":[117,138,156,169],"categorized":[118],"into":[119],"central":[121],"nervous":[122],"system,":[123,125],"cardiovascular":[124],"respiratory":[127],"system.":[128],"For":[129],"each":[130],"category,":[131],"after":[132],"summarizing":[133],"studies,":[135],"comparison":[136],"tables":[137],"laid":[139],"down":[140],"using":[141],"some":[142],"important":[143],"factors.":[144],"Different":[145],"applications,":[146],"tools,":[147],"methods,":[148],"sets":[151],"DL":[154],"models":[155,168],"leveraged.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"research":[159],"opportunities":[160],"challenges":[162],"being":[163],"faced":[164],"discussed.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
