{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3178799517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094825","title":"The Recognition Framework of Deep Kernel Learning for Enclosed Remote Sensing Objects","display_name":"The Recognition Framework of Deep Kernel Learning for Enclosed Remote Sensing Objects","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3178799517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094825","mag":"3178799517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094825","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09475047.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09475047.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067451407","display_name":"Long Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6275-9969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["38th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Hefei, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"38th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332983","display_name":"Jie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-4331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["38th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Hefei, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-4331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"38th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020544206","display_name":"Da\u2010Zheng Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0168-8340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dazheng Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021408538","display_name":"Mengdao Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4084-0915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MengDao Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4084-0915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4711,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6379651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"95585","last_page":"95596"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7820970416069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7716343402862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6578061580657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6358157992362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.6124468445777893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6015098690986633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5123502016067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.4673241674900055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4539470672607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.45364686846733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4238429665565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4165361225605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4119095206260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.16465622186660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0676228404045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06598639488220215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7820970416069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7716343402862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6578061580657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6358157992362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.6124468445777893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6015098690986633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5123502016067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.4673241674900055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4539470672607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.45364686846733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4238429665565491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4165361225605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4119095206260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.16465622186660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0676228404045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06598639488220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094825","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09475047.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e6beecae51241beae78b26cfca87b75","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e6beecae51241beae78b26cfca87b75","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 95585-95596 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094825","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09475047.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1725003993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61621005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3093136364","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2008085QF284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G359258897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61621005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3736236500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61621005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4714812384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M671851","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6549235106","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334897","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3178799517.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3178799517.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120870970","https://openalex.org/W1918794361","https://openalex.org/W1975166244","https://openalex.org/W1976526047","https://openalex.org/W1998605300","https://openalex.org/W2002906166","https://openalex.org/W2019304481","https://openalex.org/W2019438197","https://openalex.org/W2019603028","https://openalex.org/W2035850930","https://openalex.org/W2036049841","https://openalex.org/W2037954058","https://openalex.org/W2060959135","https://openalex.org/W2063252552","https://openalex.org/W2066921538","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2093680168","https://openalex.org/W2100503224","https://openalex.org/W2113199901","https://openalex.org/W2121765205","https://openalex.org/W2122166615","https://openalex.org/W2139257124","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2155739188","https://openalex.org/W2159128898","https://openalex.org/W2330451695","https://openalex.org/W2534557021","https://openalex.org/W2563210919","https://openalex.org/W2587679776","https://openalex.org/W2765957155","https://openalex.org/W2802881393","https://openalex.org/W2890289853","https://openalex.org/W2964135722","https://openalex.org/W3148745977","https://openalex.org/W4239147634","https://openalex.org/W6602660601","https://openalex.org/W6665973256","https://openalex.org/W6682762085","https://openalex.org/W6683244030","https://openalex.org/W6684770997","https://openalex.org/W6702308195","https://openalex.org/W6751103068"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402452563","https://openalex.org/W1965572316","https://openalex.org/W2250488071","https://openalex.org/W2356150353","https://openalex.org/W2018643641","https://openalex.org/W2380744779","https://openalex.org/W2112220318","https://openalex.org/W2967867994","https://openalex.org/W2469878540","https://openalex.org/W1999647744"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1,74,129,161],"image":[2,75,162],"target":[3,27,33,76,89,112,130],"recognition":[4,55,68,77,122,131,140,153,166],"is":[5,61,124],"used":[6,170],"in":[7],"various":[8],"fields,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11,49],"ships,":[12],"tanks,":[13],"airplanes,":[14],"and":[15,32,44,51,99,114,150],"vehicles,":[16],"which":[17,86],"are":[18,30,37,47],"closed":[19],"targets.":[20],"The":[21,165],"features":[22,35],"of":[23,56,59,71],"these":[24,57],"targets":[25,46,60],"include":[26],"outlines":[28],"that":[29,36,119],"obvious":[31],"discriminant":[34],"significantly":[38],"different":[39],"from":[40],"the":[41,45,54,95,133,143],"surrounding":[42],"environment,":[43],"characterized":[48],"small":[50],"dense.":[52],"Therefore,":[53],"types":[58],"a":[62,67,72,88,101,120,138,156],"popular":[63],"topic.":[64],"We":[65],"proposed":[66],"framework":[69,167],"consisting":[70],"remote":[73,128,160],"method":[78,92,109],"based":[79,93],"on":[80,94,132,142,155],"deep":[81,103],"saliency":[82,97,106],"kernel":[83,104],"learning":[84,105],"analysis,":[85],"uses":[87],"region":[90],"extraction":[91,113],"visual":[96],"mechanism":[98],"implements":[100],"nonlinear":[102],"feature":[107],"analysis":[108],"to":[110],"realize":[111],"recognition.":[115,173],"Experimental":[116],"results":[117],"show":[118],"95.9%":[121],"rate":[123,141,154],"achieved":[125],"for":[126,171],"SAR":[127],"public":[134],"MSTAR":[135],"data":[136,148,163],"set,":[137,149],"96%":[139],"UC":[144],"Merced":[145],"Land":[146],"Use":[147],"an":[151],"85%":[152],"self-built":[157],"visible":[158],"light":[159],"set.":[164],"can":[168],"be":[169],"video":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}