{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3179179751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094366","title":"Robust Vehicle Classification Based on Deep Features Learning","display_name":"Robust Vehicle Classification Based on Deep Features Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3179179751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094366","mag":"3179179751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094366","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09471798.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09471798.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037353988","display_name":"Naghmeh Niroomand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2122-1959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naghmeh Niroomand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2122-1959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027726192","display_name":"Christian Bach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6204-2327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Bach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067113239","display_name":"Miriam Elser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5352-329X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miriam Elser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5352-329X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1594,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1719},"fwci":1.5393,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86002682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"95675","last_page":"95685"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7224061489105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7155707478523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6015716195106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.591823935508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.583113431930542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5048359036445618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.48158740997314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.46339350938796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45603999495506287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-class-classification","display_name":"One-class classification","score":0.45064598321914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.41681891679763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39478597044944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.24789530038833618}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7224061489105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7155707478523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6015716195106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.591823935508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.583113431930542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5048359036445618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.48158740997314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.46339350938796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45603999495506287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34872919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7092302","display_name":"One-class classification","level":3,"score":0.45064598321914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.41681891679763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39478597044944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.24789530038833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094366","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09471798.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dora:empa_26312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/empa/islandora/object/empa%3A26312","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401298","display_name":"DORA Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","host_organization_name":"Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcollection.zhaw.ch:11475/25558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11475/25558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401810","display_name":"Z\u00fcrcher Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften digital collection (Zurich University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200744771","host_organization_name":"ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200744771"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c4fa6301066041939435fbbb61af8907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c4fa6301066041939435fbbb61af8907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 95675-95685 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094366","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09471798.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179179751.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179179751.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":119,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92894758","https://openalex.org/W180958806","https://openalex.org/W184273010","https://openalex.org/W1479807131","https://openalex.org/W1506600438","https://openalex.org/W1528580407","https://openalex.org/W1596382552","https://openalex.org/W1623006543","https://openalex.org/W1664825283","https://openalex.org/W1888898201","https://openalex.org/W1889622672","https://openalex.org/W1912982817","https://openalex.org/W1965888682","https://openalex.org/W1973704036","https://openalex.org/W1990368529","https://openalex.org/W1998690145","https://openalex.org/W2024223694","https://openalex.org/W2027443997","https://openalex.org/W2034489756","https://openalex.org/W2036642166","https://openalex.org/W2045721916","https://openalex.org/W2067594023","https://openalex.org/W2074794092","https://openalex.org/W2092865343","https://openalex.org/W2096100960","https://openalex.org/W2096451184","https://openalex.org/W2098029000","https://openalex.org/W2099454382","https://openalex.org/W2105632579","https://openalex.org/W2106581202","https://openalex.org/W2111013614","https://openalex.org/W2111602342","https://openalex.org/W2113076747","https://openalex.org/W2118858186","https://openalex.org/W2119683921","https://openalex.org/W2122371783","https://openalex.org/W2126185804","https://openalex.org/W2131705013","https://openalex.org/W2132461991","https://openalex.org/W2134089414","https://openalex.org/W2136504847","https://openalex.org/W2137136775","https://openalex.org/W2149620660","https://openalex.org/W2150088099","https://openalex.org/W2150758922","https://openalex.org/W2168466186","https://openalex.org/W2171095014","https://openalex.org/W2184861421","https://openalex.org/W2196145940","https://openalex.org/W2264760889","https://openalex.org/W2311575528","https://openalex.org/W2340899734","https://openalex.org/W2345578832","https://openalex.org/W2346672933","https://openalex.org/W2396027720","https://openalex.org/W2524771588","https://openalex.org/W2530816535","https://openalex.org/W2540642777","https://openalex.org/W2592691248","https://openalex.org/W2618978649","https://openalex.org/W2619018591","https://openalex.org/W2750840446","https://openalex.org/W2755550445","https://openalex.org/W2766658306","https://openalex.org/W2768975974","https://openalex.org/W2771450668","https://openalex.org/W2790484926","https://openalex.org/W2794124609","https://openalex.org/W2802988819","https://openalex.org/W2883586042","https://openalex.org/W2888639371","https://openalex.org/W2889311540","https://openalex.org/W2895094948","https://openalex.org/W2902582855","https://openalex.org/W2916786737","https://openalex.org/W2941165302","https://openalex.org/W2944278099","https://openalex.org/W2951970475","https://openalex.org/W2953070460","https://openalex.org/W2960503565","https://openalex.org/W2963522305","https://openalex.org/W2963764962","https://openalex.org/W2971492022","https://openalex.org/W2975040691","https://openalex.org/W2979152723","https://openalex.org/W3000057629","https://openalex.org/W3018189936","https://openalex.org/W3022916364","https://openalex.org/W3092610561","https://openalex.org/W3100663956","https://openalex.org/W3154490392","https://openalex.org/W3163108166","https://openalex.org/W4251155484","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4302986805","https://openalex.org/W4384079578","https://openalex.org/W6603760306","https://openalex.org/W6607414374","https://openalex.org/W6631547721","https://openalex.org/W6635376254","https://openalex.org/W6636749155","https://openalex.org/W6637179743","https://openalex.org/W6676059893","https://openalex.org/W6676261956","https://openalex.org/W6676547064","https://openalex.org/W6677919164","https://openalex.org/W6679849079","https://openalex.org/W6681822384","https://openalex.org/W6686167291","https://openalex.org/W6693364010","https://openalex.org/W6733814495","https://openalex.org/W6738194756","https://openalex.org/W6750671951","https://openalex.org/W6754938278","https://openalex.org/W6756325723","https://openalex.org/W6764051988","https://openalex.org/W6768387378","https://openalex.org/W6854475080","https://openalex.org/W6884711528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4292814203","https://openalex.org/W2171206798","https://openalex.org/W2116045975","https://openalex.org/W2565151897","https://openalex.org/W2000537656","https://openalex.org/W4281776617","https://openalex.org/W4365421262","https://openalex.org/W2307900683","https://openalex.org/W1569053917","https://openalex.org/W2048235398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,28,95,118],"introduce":[4],"a":[5],"scientific":[6],"Semi-Supervised":[7],"Fuzzy":[8],"C-Mean":[9],"(SSFCM)":[10],"clustering":[11,58],"approach":[12],"for":[13],"passenger":[14,30],"cars":[15],"classification":[16,63,70,79,111],"based":[17],"on":[18],"the":[19,33,46,69,91,96,101,115,121,127],"feature":[20],"learning":[21],"technique.":[22],"The":[23,43],"proposed":[24],"method":[25],"is":[26,48],"able":[27],"classify":[29],"vehicles":[31],"in":[32,109],"micro,":[34],"small,":[35],"middle,":[36,38],"upper":[37],"large":[39],"and":[40,50,60,125,129],"luxury":[41],"classes.":[42],"performance":[44,112],"of":[45,71,93,103],"algorithm":[47,59,73],"analyzed":[49],"compared":[51],"with":[52,77,100,120],"an":[53],"unsupervised":[54,82],"fuzzy":[55],"C-means":[56],"(FCM)":[57],"Swiss":[61],"expert":[62,78],"dataset.":[64],"Experiment":[65],"results":[66,85,108],"demonstrate":[67],"that":[68,87],"SSFCM":[72,88,107],"has":[74],"better":[75],"correlation":[76],"than":[80],"traditional":[81],"algorithm.":[83],"These":[84],"exhibit":[86],"can":[89],"reduce":[90],"sensitivity":[92],"FCM":[94],"initial":[97],"cluster":[98],"centroids":[99],"help":[102],"labeled":[104],"instances.":[105],"Furthermore,":[106],"improved":[110],"by":[113],"using":[114],"resampling":[116],"technique":[117],"deal":[119],"multi-class":[122],"imbalanced":[123],"problem":[124],"eliminate":[126],"irrelevant":[128],"redundant":[130],"features.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
