{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186826072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094365","title":"A Blockchain-Based Federated Forest for SDN-Enabled In-Vehicle Network Intrusion Detection System","display_name":"A Blockchain-Based Federated Forest for SDN-Enabled In-Vehicle Network Intrusion Detection System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186826072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094365","mag":"3186826072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094365","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09471858.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09471858.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056180761","display_name":"Ibrahim Aliyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5340-6675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Aliyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046423880","display_name":"Marco Carlo Feliciano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0130-3981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Carlo Feliciano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and ICT Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and ICT Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030870009","display_name":"S\u00e9linde van Engelenburg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5612-6794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00e9linde Van Engelenburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101898866","display_name":"Dong Ok Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0539-5767"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Ok Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Innovation Cluster Support Center, Jeonnam Technopark, Suncheon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Innovation Cluster Support Center, Jeonnam Technopark, Suncheon, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056016431","display_name":"Chang Gyoon Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-568X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Gyoon Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056180761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.363,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96391945,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"102593","last_page":"102608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8752925395965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.55220627784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5271023511886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4372991919517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.42267125844955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.42123907804489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.29043951630592346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.12410014867782593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8752925395965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.55220627784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5271023511886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4372991919517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.42267125844955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.42123907804489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29043951630592346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.12410014867782593}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094365","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09471858.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:481c22e7-bb72-4a29-b7aa-1874d5e31b31","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:481c22e7-bb72-4a29-b7aa-1874d5e31b31","pdf_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:481c22e7-bb72-4a29-b7aa-1874d5e31b31","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:da6857df85ec4a628de5a15a9b54720f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/da6857df85ec4a628de5a15a9b54720f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 102593-102608 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094365","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094365","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09471858.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8178164030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P0016223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G889103765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOTIE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G992484961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Korea","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317042","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015w1qa96"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186826072.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186826072.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87635799","https://openalex.org/W2014683958","https://openalex.org/W2130610609","https://openalex.org/W2133854595","https://openalex.org/W2296701710","https://openalex.org/W2464037380","https://openalex.org/W2545810962","https://openalex.org/W2549079146","https://openalex.org/W2595545394","https://openalex.org/W2739928414","https://openalex.org/W2753585338","https://openalex.org/W2763668061","https://openalex.org/W2765890301","https://openalex.org/W2792633639","https://openalex.org/W2800753141","https://openalex.org/W2883344982","https://openalex.org/W2884890985","https://openalex.org/W2892564986","https://openalex.org/W2897929592","https://openalex.org/W2898623510","https://openalex.org/W2911990951","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2913975235","https://openalex.org/W2947459187","https://openalex.org/W2951832089","https://openalex.org/W2959120033","https://openalex.org/W2964262308","https://openalex.org/W2970148885","https://openalex.org/W2979202956","https://openalex.org/W2993017767","https://openalex.org/W3037001322","https://openalex.org/W3093276730","https://openalex.org/W3105105644","https://openalex.org/W4292084264","https://openalex.org/W6603557143","https://openalex.org/W6719536112"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W2965083567","https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W1838576100","https://openalex.org/W2095886385","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W2889616422","https://openalex.org/W2089704382","https://openalex.org/W1983399550"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In-vehicle":[0],"communication":[1],"systems":[2],"are":[3,48],"usually":[4],"managed":[5],"by":[6,284],"controller":[7],"area":[8],"networks":[9],"(CAN).":[10],"By":[11,253],"broadcasting":[12],"packets":[13,160],"to":[14,50,68,75,87,110,130,139,150,169,182,220,239,241],"their":[15,248],"bus,":[16],"the":[17,20,41,70,73,89,95,112,117,132,135,145,156,184,193,202,222,242,245,257,262,267,281,293,306,317],"CAN":[18,47,61,119,194,198,228],"facilitates":[19],"interaction":[21],"between":[22],"Electronic":[23],"Control":[24],"Units":[25],"(ECU)":[26],"that":[27,292,305],"coordinate,":[28],"monitor":[29],"and":[30,43,62,83,134,147,161,215,225,236,271,301,304],"control":[31],"internal":[32],"vehicle":[33],"components.":[34],"With":[35],"no":[36],"authentication":[37],"mechanism":[38],"for":[39,72,93,205],"identifying":[40],"legitimacy":[42],"source":[44],"of":[45,114,144,159,211,244,256,264,275,299,309,323],"packets,":[46],"vulnerable":[49],"cyber-attacks.":[51],"An":[52],"Intrusion":[53],"Detection":[54],"System":[55,128],"(IDS)":[56],"can":[57,65],"detect":[58,76],"attacks":[59,312],"on":[60,259,287],"machine":[63],"learning":[64],"be":[66],"used":[67,125,165],"create":[69,170],"models":[71,96,258,268],"IDSs":[74],"non-linear":[77],"attack":[78,320],"patterns.":[79],"However,":[80],"car":[81,237],"manufacturers":[82,235],"owners":[84,238],"might":[85],"want":[86],"keep":[88,183],"sensitive":[90,118,249],"information":[91],"required":[92],"training":[94,243],"confidential.":[97,187],"Therefore,":[98],"we":[99,124,191],"proposed":[100,232,282,294],"a":[101,142,148,171,260,272,288],"Blockchain-based":[102],"Federated":[103,166],"Forest":[104],"Software-Defined":[105],"Networking":[106],"(SDN)-enabled":[107],"IDS":[108],"(BFF-IDS)":[109],"address":[111],"problem":[113],"data":[115,186,250],"sharing":[116],"data.":[120],"To":[121],"ensure":[122],"scalability,":[123],"InterPlanetary":[126],"File":[127],"(IPFS)":[129],"host":[131],"models,":[133,179,246],"blockchain":[136],"is":[137,251,269,277],"designed":[138],"store":[140],"only":[141],"hash":[143],"model":[146,162,319],"pointer":[149],"its":[151],"location.":[152],"The":[153,231],"SDN":[154],"provides":[155],"dynamic":[157],"routing":[158],"exchanges.":[163],"We":[164,279,290,315],"Learning":[167],"(FL)":[168],"random":[172],"forest":[173],"model.":[174],"Individuals":[175],"provide":[176],"partially":[177],"trained":[178],"allowing":[180],"them":[181],"underlying":[185],"Using":[188],"Fourier":[189],"transform,":[190],"decomposed":[192],"IDs":[195],"cycle":[196],"from":[197],"bus":[199,229],"traffic":[200],"in":[201,208,227],"frequency":[203],"domain":[204],"better":[206],"generalization":[207],"multiclass":[209],"detection":[210,307,321],"attacks.":[212],"Multiple":[213],"statistical":[214],"entropy":[216],"features":[217],"were":[218],"extracted":[219],"handle":[221],"high":[223],"complexity":[224],"non-linearity":[226],"traffic.":[230],"system":[233,283,295],"allows":[234],"contribute":[240],"as":[247],"protected.":[252],"storing":[254],"hashes":[255],"blockchain,":[261],"risk":[263],"adversaries":[265],"poisoning":[266],"reduced":[270],"single":[273],"point":[274],"failure":[276],"avoided.":[278],"evaluated":[280],"conducting":[285],"experiments":[286],"testbed.":[289],"found":[291],"has":[296],"efficient":[297],"use":[298],"memory":[300],"CPU":[302],"resources":[303],"rate":[308,322],"closely":[310],"related":[311],"was":[313],"high.":[314],"recorded":[316],"highest":[318],"about":[324],"0.981.":[325]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
