{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3181098651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094064","title":"Application of Distance Metric Learning to Automated Malware Detection","display_name":"Application of Distance Metric Learning to Automated Malware Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3181098651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094064","mag":"3181098651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094064","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09469874.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09469874.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033203359","display_name":"Martin Jure\u010dek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6546-8953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Jurecek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","Department of Information Security, Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6546-8953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071351394","display_name":"R\u00f3bert L\u00f3rencz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Lorencz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","Department of Information Security, Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security, Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2347,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79123159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"96151","last_page":"96165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8565819263458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7729939222335815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.6992020606994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6878753304481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.613618016242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.5874488353729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5191185474395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.447894424200058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4441753029823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4374787211418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.41170230507850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36513233184814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14283457398414612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8565819263458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7729939222335815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.6992020606994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6878753304481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.613618016242981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.5874488353729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5191185474395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.447894424200058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4441753029823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4374787211418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.41170230507850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36513233184814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14283457398414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094064","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09469874.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5383831d2faa4d65866b10004152d104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5383831d2faa4d65866b10004152d104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 96151-96165 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3094064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3094064","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09469874.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5641063287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CZ.02.1.01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321005","funder_display_name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321005","display_name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy","ror":"https://ror.org/037n8p820"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334253","display_name":"Research Center for Informatics, Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181098651.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3181098651.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W262970172","https://openalex.org/W429766147","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1495858509","https://openalex.org/W1660056579","https://openalex.org/W1827261456","https://openalex.org/W1898424075","https://openalex.org/W1926592634","https://openalex.org/W2014987111","https://openalex.org/W2082729696","https://openalex.org/W2087347434","https://openalex.org/W2121949863","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2130556178","https://openalex.org/W2144935315","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2163952039","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2543580944","https://openalex.org/W2573137292","https://openalex.org/W2583918649","https://openalex.org/W2734713605","https://openalex.org/W2752241832","https://openalex.org/W2788864200","https://openalex.org/W2885909579","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2943165231","https://openalex.org/W2959221393","https://openalex.org/W2981292756","https://openalex.org/W2996806689","https://openalex.org/W2998074434","https://openalex.org/W3007070494","https://openalex.org/W3013050984","https://openalex.org/W3047103688","https://openalex.org/W3080622597","https://openalex.org/W3086505308","https://openalex.org/W3094374491","https://openalex.org/W3099388751","https://openalex.org/W3132869089","https://openalex.org/W4210880854","https://openalex.org/W4213263325","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W6609634455","https://openalex.org/W6629908152","https://openalex.org/W6639352576","https://openalex.org/W6675751002","https://openalex.org/W6680962578","https://openalex.org/W6748641434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350278424","https://openalex.org/W2071432835","https://openalex.org/W1995118279","https://openalex.org/W4240624848","https://openalex.org/W2388600609","https://openalex.org/W2949545456","https://openalex.org/W4312510704","https://openalex.org/W4281482123","https://openalex.org/W2094677333","https://openalex.org/W4386751957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distance":[0],"metric":[1,10,28,99,162],"learning":[2,29,100,163,181],"aims":[3],"to":[4,12,30,42,54,83,111,192],"find":[5,103],"the":[6,31,80,85,90,93,115,139,145,185,188],"most":[7],"appropriate":[8],"distance":[9,27,98,161],"parameters":[11],"improve":[13],"similarity-based":[14],"models":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17,56,59],"k-Nearest":[18,116],"Neighbors":[19,117],"or":[20],"k-Means.":[21],"In":[22],"this":[23,108],"paper,":[24],"we":[25,196],"apply":[26],"problem":[32],"of":[33,92,135,141],"malware":[34,44,58,71,129,156],"detection.":[35],"We":[36,68,88,102,119],"focus":[37],"on":[38,160],"two":[39],"tasks:":[40],"(1)":[41],"classify":[43],"and":[45,121,130,177],"benign":[46,131],"files":[47,143],"with":[48,95,124],"a":[49,63,70,165,198],"minimal":[50,194],"error":[51,168,201],"rate,":[52],"(2)":[53],"detect":[55],"much":[57],"possible":[60],"while":[61],"maintaining":[62],"low":[64],"false":[65,173],"positive":[66,174],"rate.":[67],"propose":[69],"detection":[72,157],"system":[73,158],"using":[74],"Particle":[75],"Swarm":[76],"Optimization":[77],"that":[78,104,154],"finds":[79],"feature":[81],"weights":[82],"optimize":[84],"similarity":[86],"measure.":[87],"compare":[89],"performance":[91],"approach":[94],"three":[96],"state-of-the-art":[97],"techniques.":[101],"metrics":[105],"trained":[106],"in":[107,114,138,144,184],"way":[109],"lead":[110],"significant":[112],"improvements":[113],"classification.":[118],"conducted":[120],"evaluated":[122],"experiments":[123],"more":[125],"than":[126],"150,000":[127],"Windows-based":[128],"samples.":[132],"Features":[133],"consisted":[134],"metadata":[136],"contained":[137],"headers":[140],"executable":[142,147],"portable":[146],"file":[148],"format.":[149],"Our":[150],"experimental":[151],"results":[152],"show":[153],"our":[155],"based":[159],"achieves":[164],"1.09":[166],"%":[167,172,200,206],"rate":[169,175,202],"at":[170,203],"0.74":[171],"(FPR)":[176],"outperforms":[178],"all":[179],"machine":[180],"algorithms":[182],"considered":[183],"experiment.":[186],"Considering":[187],"second":[189],"task":[190],"related":[191],"keeping":[193],"FPR,":[195],"achieved":[197],"1.15":[199],"only":[204],"0.13":[205],"FPR.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
