{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3176488087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3093427","title":"Analytic Time Domain Specifications PID Controller Design for a Class of 2<sup>nd</sup> Order Linear Systems: A Genetic Algorithm Method","display_name":"Analytic Time Domain Specifications PID Controller Design for a Class of 2<sup>nd</sup> Order Linear Systems: A Genetic Algorithm Method","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3176488087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3093427","mag":"3176488087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3093427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3093427","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09467328.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09467328.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012473618","display_name":"Chia-Ling Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-8222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Ling Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-8222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032009148","display_name":"Chao-Chung Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4068-0632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-Chung Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4068-0632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.7371,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83597212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"99266","last_page":"99275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11081","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11081","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14083","display_name":"Extremum Seeking Control Systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.6899029016494751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5806167721748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5372047424316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5225265026092529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.5180785655975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.5026183128356934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5004751682281494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.49607405066490173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.455655574798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-system","display_name":"Linear system","score":0.4139573574066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2823658585548401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.2693105936050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.2551364302635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.1395069658756256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.12381735444068909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11576777696609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11446711421012878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.10773018002510071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.6899029016494751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5806167721748352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5372047424316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5225265026092529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5180785655975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.5026183128356934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5004751682281494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.49607405066490173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.455655574798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6802819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072174","display_name":"Linear system","level":2,"score":0.4139573574066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2823658585548401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2693105936050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2551364302635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.1395069658756256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.12381735444068909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11576777696609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11446711421012878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.10773018002510071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3093427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3093427","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09467328.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:699c59ae183e4be7b99eada3a8b9e8de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/699c59ae183e4be7b99eada3a8b9e8de","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 99266-99275 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3093427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3093427","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09467328.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1089128957","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-2923-E-006-005-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2442556904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 107-2221-E-006-114-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02b207r52"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3176488087.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3176488087.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2135493101","https://openalex.org/W2151421945","https://openalex.org/W2168013035","https://openalex.org/W2576097227","https://openalex.org/W2588695710","https://openalex.org/W2612293190","https://openalex.org/W2760828697","https://openalex.org/W2800312234","https://openalex.org/W2909749146","https://openalex.org/W2921412552","https://openalex.org/W2938419802","https://openalex.org/W2944206801","https://openalex.org/W3005237993","https://openalex.org/W3117347579","https://openalex.org/W3117764007","https://openalex.org/W3154911344","https://openalex.org/W6750621907","https://openalex.org/W6762021735","https://openalex.org/W6794669261"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002388147","https://openalex.org/W3098928304","https://openalex.org/W2394883510","https://openalex.org/W2150958483","https://openalex.org/W2165013373","https://openalex.org/W2922503265","https://openalex.org/W2023324176","https://openalex.org/W2121097709","https://openalex.org/W3097920840","https://openalex.org/W3212795132"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,75,99],"this":[1,79,81,225],"paper,":[2],"an":[3,37,84],"analytical":[4,85,131,236],"approach":[5],"of":[6,39,165,176,194,215,224],"a":[7,13,40,101,120,126,199],"Proportional-Integral-Derivative":[8],"(PID)":[9],"controller":[10,87,112],"design":[11,48,219],"for":[12],"servo":[14],"motor":[15],"position":[16],"control":[17,154,177,231,264],"with":[18,125,202,234],"precise":[19],"desired":[20,73,94],"performance":[21,64,232],"demands":[22,233,265],"is":[23,33,90,103,179,209],"presented.":[24],"When":[25],"designing":[26],"linear":[27,122],"controllers,":[28],"the":[29,46,67,72,106,109,129,137,152,163,166,183,192,195,205,213,216,239,244,249,257,270],"resulting":[30],"closed-loop":[31,251],"system":[32,43,107,123,186,247],"often":[34],"considered":[35,210],"as":[36,266,268],"approximation":[38],"standard":[41,184,245],"2ndorder":[42,121,185,246],"to":[44,63,77,92,105,116,190,204,211],"simplify":[45],"gain":[47],"process.":[49],"However,":[50],"in":[51,57,188],"reality,":[52],"model":[53,241],"discrepancies":[54,242],"could":[55],"exist":[56],"such":[58],"approximation,":[59],"which":[60,89],"inevitably":[61],"lead":[62],"mismatches":[65],"between":[66,243],"actual":[68],"system's":[69],"behavior":[70],"and":[71,108,141,248],"one.":[74],"order":[76,189],"solve":[78],"issue,":[80],"paper":[82],"presents":[83],"PID":[86,111,127,153,207,218],"solution,":[88,168],"able":[91],"achieve":[93],"time":[95,148],"domain":[96,149],"specifications":[97],"precisely.":[98],"addition,":[100],"disturbance":[102],"added":[104],"associated":[110,138],"will":[113],"be":[114],"designed":[115],"reject":[117],"disturbance.":[118],"Given":[119],"along":[124],"controller,":[128],"related":[130],"solutions":[132],"are":[133,143,156,172],"derived":[134],"first.":[135],"Next,":[136],"fitness":[139],"functions":[140],"constraints":[142],"constructed":[144],"under":[145],"given":[146,230],"prescribed":[147],"specifications.":[150],"Lastly,":[151],"gains":[155,178],"determined":[157],"using":[158,182],"Genetic":[159],"Algorithm.":[160],"To":[161],"demonstrate":[162],"effectiveness":[164],"proposed":[167,217,258],"many":[169],"numerical":[170],"simulations":[171],"performed.":[173],"A":[174],"set":[175],"also":[180],"found":[181],"formulas":[187],"prove":[191,255],"accuracy":[193],"presented":[196],"method.":[197],"Moreover,":[198],"comparison":[200],"study":[201,226],"respect":[203],"MATLAB":[206],"Tuner":[208],"illustrate":[212],"advantage":[214],"scheme.":[220],"The":[221],"main":[222],"contributions":[223],"include":[227],"precisely":[228],"satisfying":[229],"exact":[235,250],"solutions,":[237],"avoiding":[238],"existing":[240],"model.":[252],"Simulations":[253],"firmly":[254],"that":[256],"method":[259],"can":[260],"fulfill":[261],"users'":[262],"different":[263],"well":[267],"remove":[269],"frequently":[271],"used":[272],"trial-and-error":[273],"strategy.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}