{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3173776251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3092645","title":"Using GANCNN and ERNET for Detection of Non Technical Losses to Secure Smart Grids","display_name":"Using GANCNN and ERNET for Detection of Non Technical Losses to Secure Smart Grids","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3173776251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3092645","mag":"3173776251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3092645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3092645","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09465107.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09465107.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055380996","display_name":"Nadeem Javaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-8249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadeem Javaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031772076","display_name":"Hira Gul","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hira Gul","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050657889","display_name":"Sobia Baig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1951-4568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sobia Baig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Research Center, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Research Center, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071874921","display_name":"Faisal Shehzad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6239-8198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faisal Shehzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014447817","display_name":"Chengjun Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4616-277X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengjun Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103107194","display_name":"Lin Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2625-707X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005046821","display_name":"Tanzeela Sultana","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanzeela Sultana","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.8831,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7068916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"98679","last_page":"98700"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9502999782562256,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9332000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7750619053840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.638804018497467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6260343790054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6189243793487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5361136794090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5301863551139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5038756728172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.486918568611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"Oversampling","score":0.436862975358963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4252772331237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3998670279979706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34730470180511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19992327690124512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13271570205688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10210070013999939}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7750619053840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.638804018497467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6260343790054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6189243793487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5361136794090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5301863551139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5038756728172302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.486918568611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.436862975358963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4252772331237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3998670279979706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34730470180511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19992327690124512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13271570205688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10210070013999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3092645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3092645","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09465107.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b5536add3fb6496d81254023b1766c71","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b5536add3fb6496d81254023b1766c71","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 98679-98700 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3092645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3092645","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09465107.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G311888392","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PSF/NFSC -II/Eng/P-COMSATS-Lhr(08)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311210","funder_display_name":"Pakistan Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311210","display_name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04srehp09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338409","display_name":"Northwest Fisheries Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05r7z1k40"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3173776251.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3173776251.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2343530358","https://openalex.org/W2604440528","https://openalex.org/W2725329029","https://openalex.org/W2765809821","https://openalex.org/W2776990447","https://openalex.org/W2780476542","https://openalex.org/W2783326149","https://openalex.org/W2788544268","https://openalex.org/W2794620754","https://openalex.org/W2795113588","https://openalex.org/W2800562601","https://openalex.org/W2808784114","https://openalex.org/W2809058834","https://openalex.org/W2831439818","https://openalex.org/W2883837659","https://openalex.org/W2894817759","https://openalex.org/W2907286062","https://openalex.org/W2908746407","https://openalex.org/W2910992412","https://openalex.org/W2913712311","https://openalex.org/W2914738292","https://openalex.org/W2914780389","https://openalex.org/W2919779311","https://openalex.org/W2922158313","https://openalex.org/W2922515190","https://openalex.org/W2944749462","https://openalex.org/W2953404784","https://openalex.org/W2953426173","https://openalex.org/W2955114618","https://openalex.org/W2955202322","https://openalex.org/W2958786037","https://openalex.org/W2970668742","https://openalex.org/W2970705010","https://openalex.org/W2971454307","https://openalex.org/W2973055534","https://openalex.org/W2975154836","https://openalex.org/W2975396892","https://openalex.org/W2978986055","https://openalex.org/W2980281552","https://openalex.org/W2995357020","https://openalex.org/W2996089041","https://openalex.org/W2997020336","https://openalex.org/W2997275431","https://openalex.org/W2999880425","https://openalex.org/W3000569831","https://openalex.org/W3000576463","https://openalex.org/W3001803127","https://openalex.org/W3001857180","https://openalex.org/W3005548505","https://openalex.org/W3005724734","https://openalex.org/W3007172666","https://openalex.org/W3009083936","https://openalex.org/W3012408335","https://openalex.org/W3016092709","https://openalex.org/W3016889527","https://openalex.org/W3022246579","https://openalex.org/W3023990433","https://openalex.org/W3033652527","https://openalex.org/W3033877814","https://openalex.org/W3036463562","https://openalex.org/W3037931488","https://openalex.org/W3044710972","https://openalex.org/W3054856586","https://openalex.org/W3084013305","https://openalex.org/W4229658977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766503024","https://openalex.org/W2781247653","https://openalex.org/W4206637278","https://openalex.org/W4386005305","https://openalex.org/W4386214543","https://openalex.org/W3082051559","https://openalex.org/W1969988626","https://openalex.org/W1682621979","https://openalex.org/W2141301039","https://openalex.org/W2990636717"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,16,64],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"two":[3],"supervised":[4],"learning":[5,140],"models":[6,188,218,222],"based":[7,88],"solutions":[8],"are":[9,151,176,189],"proposed":[10,148,187,217],"for":[11,58,114],"Electricity":[12],"Theft":[13],"Detection":[14],"(ETD).":[15],"the":[17,59,65,120,139,143,147,164,216,220,226],"first":[18],"solution,":[19,67],"Adaptive":[20],"Synthetic":[21,68],"Edited":[22,72],"Nearest":[23,73],"Neighbor":[24,74],"(ADASYNENN)":[25],"is":[26,41,49,76,87,99,135],"used":[27,50,100,108,136],"to":[28,101,137],"solve":[29],"class":[30],"imbalanced":[31],"problem.":[32],"For":[33],"feature":[34,116],"extraction,":[35],"Locally":[36],"Linear":[37],"Embedding":[38],"(LLE)":[39],"technique":[40],"utilized.":[42],"Moreover,":[43,78],"Self-Attention":[44],"Generative":[45],"Adversarial":[46],"Network":[47,56,92,202],"(SAGAN)":[48],"in":[51,223],"combination":[52],"with":[53,191],"Convolutional":[54,200],"Neural":[55,201],"(CNN)":[57],"classification":[60,81,121],"of":[61,142,182,225],"electricity":[62],"consumers.":[63],"second":[66],"Minority":[69],"Oversampling":[70],"Technique":[71],"(SMOTEENN)":[75],"proposed.":[77],"a":[79,109,127],"novel":[80],"model,":[82],"named":[83],"as":[84,158,195],"ERNET,":[85],"which":[86],"on":[89],"EfficientNet,":[90],"Residual":[91],"(ResNet)":[93],"and":[94,124,168,198,205],"Gated":[95],"Recurrent":[96],"Unit":[97],"(GRU),":[98],"detect":[102],"Non-Technical":[103],"Losses":[104],"(NTLs).":[105],"We":[106],"also":[107],"Sparse":[110],"Auto":[111],"Encoder":[112],"(SAE)":[113],"effective":[115],"extraction":[117],"that":[118,215],"makes":[119],"more":[122],"robust":[123,128],"easy.":[125],"Furthermore,":[126],"Root":[129,169],"Mean":[130,170],"Square":[131,171],"Propagation":[132],"(RMSProp)":[133],"optimizer":[134],"improve":[138],"rate":[141],"model.":[144],"To":[145],"validate":[146],"models,":[149,193],"simulations":[150,175],"performed":[152,177],"using":[153,178],"different":[154],"performance":[155,228],"metrics,":[156],"such":[157,194],"precision,":[159],"recall,":[160],"F1-score,":[161],"Area":[162],"Under":[163],"Curve":[165],"(AUC),":[166],"FPR":[167],"Error":[172],"(RMSE).":[173],"All":[174],"State":[179],"Grid":[180],"Corporation":[181],"China":[183],"(SGCC)":[184],"dataset.":[185],"The":[186,211],"compared":[190],"benchmark":[192],"SAGAN,":[196],"Wide":[197],"Deep":[199],"(WDCNN),":[203],"CNN":[204],"Long":[206],"Short":[207],"Term":[208],"Memory":[209],"(LSTM).":[210],"simulation":[212],"results":[213],"prove":[214],"outperform":[219],"existing":[221],"terms":[224],"aforementioned":[227],"metrics.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
