{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3175630806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3091642","title":"A Human-Robot Interaction System Calculating Visual Focus of Human\u2019s Attention Level","display_name":"A Human-Robot Interaction System Calculating Visual Focus of Human\u2019s Attention Level","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3175630806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3091642","mag":"3175630806"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3091642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3091642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3091642","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037151675","display_name":"Partha Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-4134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I288011450","display_name":"Comilla University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bnddg69","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I288011450"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Partha Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Comilla University, Cumilla, Bangladesh","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-4134","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Comilla University, Cumilla, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I288011450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047994728","display_name":"Sabbir Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1186-4755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46080048","display_name":"Jahangirnagar University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ywb0864","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46080048"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabbir Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1186-4755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46080048"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047478045","display_name":"Mohammad Abu Yousuf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8065-7173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46080048","display_name":"Jahangirnagar University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ywb0864","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46080048"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Abu Yousuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8065-7173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46080048"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055852370","display_name":"AKM Azad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-2214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akm Azad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060375353","display_name":"Salem A. Alyami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5507-9399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salem A. Alyami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5507-9399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034828056","display_name":"Mohammad Ali Moni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0756-1006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ali Moni","raw_affiliation_strings":["ORCiD","WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, University of New South Wales Sydney (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0756-1006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, University of New South Wales Sydney (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.4059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95019322,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"93409","last_page":"93421"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9549999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8440760374069214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.7619755268096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7217158079147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.5705685019493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.49600300192832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4822536110877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4665415287017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.46096253395080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.44286850094795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4359765648841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4194328784942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.41189518570899963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8440760374069214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.7619755268096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7217158079147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5705685019493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.49600300192832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4822536110877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4665415287017822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.46096253395080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.44286850094795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4359765648841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4194328784942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.41189518570899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3091642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3091642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/ab6d5e0f-ada5-4856-8562-d185b3a6268e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/ab6d5e0f-ada5-4856-8562-d185b3a6268e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055442","display_name":"Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Chakraborty, P, Ahmed, S, Yousuf, M A, Azad, A, Alyami, S A & Moni, M A 2021, 'A human-robot interaction system calculating visual focus of human's attention level', IEEE Access, vol. 9, 9462086, pp. 93409-93421. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3091642","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dbbe28443af942d387580fa7fae98801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dbbe28443af942d387580fa7fae98801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 93409-93421 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3091642","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3091642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W326590385","https://openalex.org/W854521447","https://openalex.org/W1492913384","https://openalex.org/W1574390261","https://openalex.org/W1594588667","https://openalex.org/W1964428975","https://openalex.org/W1965464424","https://openalex.org/W1979642245","https://openalex.org/W1984688968","https://openalex.org/W1986291329","https://openalex.org/W2006630621","https://openalex.org/W2024383661","https://openalex.org/W2069484217","https://openalex.org/W2075697961","https://openalex.org/W2090153891","https://openalex.org/W2099276202","https://openalex.org/W2141079843","https://openalex.org/W2147766462","https://openalex.org/W2152188356","https://openalex.org/W2169610906","https://openalex.org/W2185748426","https://openalex.org/W2282155382","https://openalex.org/W2312798031","https://openalex.org/W2520542635","https://openalex.org/W2571928460","https://openalex.org/W2579253947","https://openalex.org/W2587568583","https://openalex.org/W2605289374","https://openalex.org/W2607275994","https://openalex.org/W2757888286","https://openalex.org/W2792017898","https://openalex.org/W2793169240","https://openalex.org/W2803506444","https://openalex.org/W2809123732","https://openalex.org/W2902802339","https://openalex.org/W2964028220","https://openalex.org/W2971417374","https://openalex.org/W2992566568","https://openalex.org/W2998795427","https://openalex.org/W2999040843","https://openalex.org/W3010241295","https://openalex.org/W3028252786","https://openalex.org/W3111779051","https://openalex.org/W3142629025","https://openalex.org/W3147405789","https://openalex.org/W3154653361","https://openalex.org/W6749132352"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3008584592","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701","https://openalex.org/W3034745255","https://openalex.org/W4254103348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attention":[0],"is":[1,25,121,143,206,221],"the":[2,23,66,80,106,109,130,147,151,178,210,215,233,238,242],"mental":[3],"awareness":[4,181],"of":[5,14,18,37,72,123,132,145,150,168,171,241],"human":[6,38],"on":[7,26,164],"a":[8,12,70,117,165],"particular":[9],"object":[10,28],"or":[11,29,161,185],"piece":[13],"information.":[15],"The":[16,191],"level":[17,40,149,167,226],"attention":[19,39,81,134,148,172,225],"indicates":[20],"how":[21],"intense":[22],"focus":[24,170],"an":[27,30],"instance.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33,174],"study,":[34],"several":[35],"types":[36],"have":[41,101,195],"been":[42,102,114],"observed.":[43],"After":[44],"introducing":[45],"image":[46],"segmentation":[47],"and":[48,56,69,88,138,153,182,201],"detection":[49],"technique":[50],"for":[51,79,104,135,224],"facial":[52],"features,":[53],"eyeball":[54],"movement":[55,62],"gaze":[57],"estimation":[58],"were":[59,63,76],"measured.":[60],"Eye":[61],"assessed":[64],"using":[65],"video":[67],"data,":[68],"total":[71],"10197":[73],"data":[74],"instances":[75],"manually":[77],"labelled":[78],"level.":[82],"Then":[83],"Artificial":[84],"Neural":[85,90],"Network":[86],"(ANN)":[87],"Recurrent":[89],"Network-Long":[91],"Short":[92],"Term":[93],"Memory":[94],"(LSTM)":[95],"based":[96],"Deep":[97],"learning":[98],"(DL)":[99],"architectures":[100],"proposed":[103,192,243],"analysing":[105],"data.":[107],"Next,":[108],"trained":[110],"DL":[111],"model":[112],"has":[113],"implanted":[115],"into":[116],"robotic":[118,235],"system":[119,142,175],"that":[120,189,232],"capable":[122,144],"detecting":[124],"various":[125],"features;":[126],"ultimately":[127],"leading":[128],"to":[129],"calculation":[131,227],"visual":[133,169,186],"reading,":[136],"browsing,":[137],"writing":[139],"purposes.":[140],"This":[141],"checking":[146],"participants":[152,158],"also":[154,207],"can":[155],"detect":[156],"if":[157],"are":[159,218],"present":[160],"not.":[162],"Based":[163],"certain":[166],"(VFOA),":[173],"interacts":[176],"with":[177,188],"person,":[179],"generates":[180],"establishes":[183],"verbal":[184],"communication":[187],"person.":[190],"ML":[193],"techniques":[194],"achieved":[196],"almost":[197],"99.24%":[198],"validation":[199],"accuracy":[200],"99.43%":[202],"test":[203],"accuracy.":[204],"It":[205],"shown":[208],"in":[209],"comparative":[211],"study":[212],"that,":[213],"since":[214],"dataset":[216],"volumes":[217],"limited,":[219],"ANN":[220],"more":[222],"suitable":[223],"than":[228],"RNN-LSTM.":[229],"We":[230],"hope":[231],"implemented":[234],"structure":[236],"manifests":[237],"real-world":[239],"implication":[240],"method.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}