{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3175265920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3090434","title":"A Hybrid Intelligent Model for the Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of Wind Turbines Gearbox","display_name":"A Hybrid Intelligent Model for the Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of Wind Turbines Gearbox","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3175265920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3090434","mag":"3175265920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3090434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3090434","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09459745.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09459745.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061444286","display_name":"Azim Heydari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1352-3209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azim Heydari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1352-3209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104113750","display_name":"Davide Astiaso Garcia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Astiaso Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075411245","display_name":"Afef Fekih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4522-502X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79516672","display_name":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8rc503","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799628689","https://openalex.org/I79516672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afef Fekih","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4522-502X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79516672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070213603","display_name":"Farshid Keynia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9027-7315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183263030","display_name":"Graduate University of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0451xdy64","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183263030"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farshid Keynia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183263030"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063119651","display_name":"Lina Bertling Tjernberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4763-9429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lina Bertling Tjernberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013269733","display_name":"Livio de Santoli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Livio De Santoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.7492,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93510605,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"89878","last_page":"89890"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13891","display_name":"Engineering Diagnostics and Reliability","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downtime","display_name":"Downtime","score":0.7822280526161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condition-monitoring","display_name":"Condition monitoring","score":0.713421642780304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbine","display_name":"Turbine","score":0.6969289183616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.6737614870071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.528221607208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4870469868183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.47844982147216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.42140787839889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.41130298376083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.40938451886177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.38709577918052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.35769879817962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3388276696205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1397933065891266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180591934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253369","display_name":"Downtime","level":2,"score":0.7822280526161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775846686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643012","display_name":"Condition monitoring","level":2,"score":0.713421642780304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.6969289183616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.6737614870071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.528221607208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4870469868183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.47844982147216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.42140787839889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.41130298376083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.40938451886177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38709577918052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.35769879817962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3388276696205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1397933065891266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3090434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3090434","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09459745.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46f16bf5a30348a6b923eb19e22ee8a0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46f16bf5a30348a6b923eb19e22ee8a0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 89878-89890 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1575405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1575405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3090434","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3090434","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09459745.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3175265920.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3175265920.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16326317","https://openalex.org/W970428478","https://openalex.org/W1033671347","https://openalex.org/W1527152867","https://openalex.org/W1697154133","https://openalex.org/W1965243797","https://openalex.org/W1971599865","https://openalex.org/W1982681026","https://openalex.org/W1983753875","https://openalex.org/W1996952570","https://openalex.org/W2000982976","https://openalex.org/W2009637664","https://openalex.org/W2029064186","https://openalex.org/W2030049536","https://openalex.org/W2031183907","https://openalex.org/W2037411704","https://openalex.org/W2042641006","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2085487226","https://openalex.org/W2090365396","https://openalex.org/W2100090926","https://openalex.org/W2113307062","https://openalex.org/W2126709108","https://openalex.org/W2127064699","https://openalex.org/W2132984323","https://openalex.org/W2150913357","https://openalex.org/W2150991495","https://openalex.org/W2219903032","https://openalex.org/W2255738116","https://openalex.org/W2287814884","https://openalex.org/W2517756674","https://openalex.org/W2591934927","https://openalex.org/W2627024717","https://openalex.org/W2653623715","https://openalex.org/W2767707525","https://openalex.org/W2786353063","https://openalex.org/W2788416316","https://openalex.org/W2801050875","https://openalex.org/W2804084189","https://openalex.org/W2808496542","https://openalex.org/W2883043945","https://openalex.org/W2888780807","https://openalex.org/W2889041589","https://openalex.org/W2901104792","https://openalex.org/W2903668766","https://openalex.org/W2926723017","https://openalex.org/W2942443328","https://openalex.org/W2950296839","https://openalex.org/W2969168777","https://openalex.org/W2989742866","https://openalex.org/W3000284383","https://openalex.org/W3037336979","https://openalex.org/W6696126189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062658440","https://openalex.org/W1521088576","https://openalex.org/W2804944700","https://openalex.org/W2742194771","https://openalex.org/W2225313221","https://openalex.org/W1991891278","https://openalex.org/W2065572929","https://openalex.org/W3092608703","https://openalex.org/W3110716397","https://openalex.org/W2908122050"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wind":[0],"turbines":[1,213],"(WTs)":[2],"are":[3,46,73],"often":[4],"operated":[5],"in":[6,25,31,35,215,237],"harsh":[7],"and":[8,18,42,52,57,98,112,137,145,158,175,180,189,233],"remote":[9],"environments,":[10],"thus":[11],"making":[12],"them":[13],"more":[14],"prone":[15],"to":[16,48,68,231],"faults":[17],"costly":[19],"repairs.":[20],"Additionally,":[21],"the":[22,50,63,77,85,124,141,186,216],"recent":[23],"surge":[24],"wind":[26,36,55,117,138,212],"farm":[27],"installations":[28],"have":[29],"resulted":[30],"a":[32,107],"dramatic":[33],"increase":[34],"turbine":[37,69],"data.":[38],"Intelligent":[39],"condition":[40,81,110,196],"monitoring":[41,82,111,197],"fault":[43,113],"warning":[44,114],"systems":[45],"crucial":[47],"improving":[49],"efficiency":[51],"operation":[53],"of":[54,154,170,207,218],"farms":[56],"reducing":[58],"maintenance":[59,92,100],"costs.":[60],"Gearbox":[61],"is":[62,88],"major":[64],"component":[65],"that":[66,94,223],"leads":[67],"downtime.":[70],"Its":[71],"failures":[72],"mainly":[74],"caused":[75],"by":[76],"gearbox":[78,86,155],"bearings.":[79],"Devising":[80],"approaches":[83],"for":[84,116],"bearings":[87],"an":[89],"effective":[90],"predictive":[91],"measure":[93],"can":[95,226],"reduce":[96],"downtime":[97],"cut":[99],"cost.":[101],"In":[102],"this":[103,224],"paper,":[104],"we":[105],"propose":[106],"hybrid":[108],"intelligent":[109],"system":[115,198],"turbine's":[118],"gearbox.":[119],"The":[120,194,220],"proposed":[121,195],"framework":[122],"encompasses":[123],"following:":[125],"a)":[126],"clustering":[127,143],"filter-":[128],"(based":[129],"on":[130,185],"power,":[131],"rotor":[132],"speed,":[133],"blade":[134],"pitch":[135],"angle,":[136],"speed":[139],"signals)-using":[140],"automatic":[142],"model":[144],"ant":[146],"bee":[147],"colony":[148],"optimization":[149,177],"algorithm":[150],"(ABC),":[151],"b)":[152],"prediction":[153],"bearing":[156],"temperature":[157,161],"lubrication":[159],"oil":[160],"signals-":[162],"using":[163,201],"variational":[164],"mode":[165],"decomposition":[166],"(VMD),":[167],"group":[168],"method":[169],"data":[171],"handling":[172],"(GMDH)":[173],"network,":[174],"multi-verse":[176],"(MVO)":[178],"algorithm,":[179],"c)":[181],"anomaly":[182],"detection":[183],"based":[184],"Mahalanobis":[187],"distances":[188],"wavelet":[190],"transform":[191],"denoising":[192],"approach.":[193],"was":[199],"evaluated":[200],"10":[202],"min":[203],"average":[204],"SCADA":[205],"datasets":[206],"two":[208],"2":[209],"MW":[210],"on-shore":[211],"located":[214],"south":[217],"Sweden.":[219],"results":[221],"showed":[222],"strategy":[225],"diagnose":[227],"potential":[228],"anomalies":[229],"prior":[230],"failure":[232],"inhibit":[234],"reporting":[235],"alarms":[236],"healthy":[238],"operations.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}