{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167361986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089839","title":"Pseudo Bidirectional Linear Discriminant Analysis for Multivariate Time Series Classification","display_name":"Pseudo Bidirectional Linear Discriminant Analysis for Multivariate Time Series Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167361986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089839","mag":"3167361986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3089839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089839","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09456907.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09456907.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104080365","display_name":"Jianhua Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4028-8478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49185572","display_name":"Yunnan University of Finance And Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04rhev598","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065803398","display_name":"Feng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5788-1182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I354108","display_name":"Minjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s7tkw17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49185572","display_name":"Yunnan University of Finance And Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04rhev598","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China","School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011412050","display_name":"Haiye Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49185572","display_name":"Yunnan University of Finance And Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04rhev598","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiye Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063546764","display_name":"Xuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6525-8553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49185572","display_name":"Yunnan University of Finance And Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04rhev598","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044825149","display_name":"Xingxu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49185572","display_name":"Yunnan University of Finance And Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04rhev598","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingxu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economic and Social Big Data Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economic and Social Big Data Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101259302","display_name":"Jun He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146071755","display_name":"Kunming University","ror":"https://ror.org/035rhx828","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146071755"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Data Governance and Intelligent Decision of Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Data Governance and Intelligent Decision of Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146071755"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104080365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49185572"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.3087,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52911291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"88674","last_page":"88684"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.7760242819786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.7353737354278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.6940436959266663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6388187408447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5679567456245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.5560598969459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.5058159828186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.4599629342556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39406660199165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3735195994377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3635440766811371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29476580023765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.17385467886924744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7760242819786072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.7353737354278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.6940436959266663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6388187408447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5679567456245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.5560598969459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.5058159828186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.4599629342556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39406660199165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3735195994377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3635440766811371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29476580023765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.17385467886924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3089839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089839","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09456907.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:df6bc505ed0c4f5cae311263f7083f0d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/df6bc505ed0c4f5cae311263f7083f0d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 88674-88684 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3089839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089839","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09456907.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3333407307","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021Y554","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323193","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4607669379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YUFEYC082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322698","funder_display_name":"Yunnan University of Finance and Economics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7201639104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019FB002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323193","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7408493120","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11761076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8645065898","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62066023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322698","display_name":"Yunnan University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04rhev598"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323193","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324731","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3167361986.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3167361986.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17143631","https://openalex.org/W116902681","https://openalex.org/W271314235","https://openalex.org/W895842793","https://openalex.org/W1514159701","https://openalex.org/W1541521713","https://openalex.org/W1554944419","https://openalex.org/W2012714569","https://openalex.org/W2023717039","https://openalex.org/W2033268097","https://openalex.org/W2033302519","https://openalex.org/W2044914166","https://openalex.org/W2045477744","https://openalex.org/W2057053883","https://openalex.org/W2059887748","https://openalex.org/W2063810406","https://openalex.org/W2117553576","https://openalex.org/W2139006442","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2397306716","https://openalex.org/W2949458647","https://openalex.org/W3115948762","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W6604828220"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114217318","https://openalex.org/W2794812819","https://openalex.org/W2587881214","https://openalex.org/W3104072235","https://openalex.org/W3036945320","https://openalex.org/W2370263288","https://openalex.org/W1995622179","https://openalex.org/W1484111231","https://openalex.org/W4391160746","https://openalex.org/W1552543208"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multivariate":[0],"time":[1,18,44,94],"series":[2],"(MTS)":[3],"is":[4,50,82,120,136,169],"a":[5,67,175],"kind":[6],"of":[7,12,25,116,132,165,177],"matrix":[8],"data,":[9,27],"typically":[10],"consisting":[11],"multiple":[13,17],"variables":[14],"measured":[15],"at":[16],"points.":[19],"Due":[20],"to":[21,39,158],"the":[22,37,41,56,91,100,117,123,133,160,172],"high":[23],"dimensionality":[24,135],"MTS":[26,31,71,179],"many":[28],"methods":[29],"for":[30,70,103,141,151],"classification":[32,72],"have":[33],"been":[34],"proposed":[35,154,167],"within":[36],"literature":[38],"reduce":[40],"redundancy":[42,57,92],"in":[43,58,89,93,155],"or":[45],"variable":[46,96],"mode,":[47],"but":[48],"there":[49],"relatively":[51],"little":[52],"work":[53],"on":[54,74,144,174],"exploring":[55],"both":[59],"modes":[60,97],"concurrently.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63,156],"paper":[64,157],"we":[65],"propose":[66],"new":[68,139],"method":[69,168],"based":[73,143],"bidirectional":[75],"linear":[76],"discriminant":[77],"analysis":[78],"(BLDA).":[79],"The":[80,163],"advantage":[81],"that":[83],"BLDA":[84,104,110,142],"can":[85],"utilize":[86],"label":[87],"information":[88],"reducing":[90],"and":[95,147],"simultaneously.":[98],"Moreover,":[99],"existing":[101],"procedures":[102],"suffer":[105],"from":[106],"two":[107,161],"problems:":[108],"(i)":[109],"cannot":[111],"be":[112,127],"performed":[113],"when":[114,130],"one":[115,131],"within-class":[118],"matrices":[119],"singular;":[121],"(ii)":[122],"computational":[124],"burden":[125],"could":[126],"very":[128],"heavy":[129],"data":[134],"high.":[137],"A":[138],"procedure":[140],"pseudo-inverse":[145],"(PBLDA)":[146],"an":[148],"efficient":[149],"algorithm":[150],"PBLDA":[152],"are":[153],"overcome":[159],"problems.":[162],"performance":[164],"our":[166],"illustrated":[170],"through":[171],"experiments":[173],"number":[176],"real":[178],"datasets.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
