{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165891254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089565","title":"Full-Band LPCNet: A Real-Time Neural Vocoder for 48 kHz Audio With a CPU","display_name":"Full-Band LPCNet: A Real-Time Neural Vocoder for 48 kHz Audio With a CPU","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165891254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089565","mag":"3165891254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3089565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089565","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082668383","display_name":"Keisuke Matsubara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2935-668X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65837984","display_name":"Kobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tgsfw79","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65837984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keisuke Matsubara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan","National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2935-668X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65837984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022943637","display_name":"Takuma Okamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9913-4647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takuma Okamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9913-4647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057295313","display_name":"Ryoichi Takashima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9808-0250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65837984","display_name":"Kobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tgsfw79","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65837984"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryoichi Takashima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9808-0250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65837984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009283470","display_name":"Tetsuya Takiguchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5005-7679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65837984","display_name":"Kobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tgsfw79","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65837984"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tetsuya Takiguchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5005-7679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65837984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078330211","display_name":"Tomoki Toda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8146-1279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoki Toda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan","National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8146-1279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109350986","display_name":"Yoshinori Shiga","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165522056","display_name":"Tokyo Denki University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pa62v70","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshinori Shiga","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan","School of Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165522056"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114514387","display_name":"Hisashi Kawai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-5092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisashi Kawai","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3648,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84095293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"94923","last_page":"94933"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8296428918838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6893864870071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5980910062789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-synthesis","display_name":"Speech synthesis","score":0.5831530690193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-fidelity","display_name":"High fidelity","score":0.5825715065002441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-activity-detection","display_name":"Voice activity detection","score":0.4490504860877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-processing","display_name":"Speech processing","score":0.43251559138298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.426623672246933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.23026427626609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10226479172706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.07256588339805603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8296428918838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6893864870071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5980910062789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14999030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16346","display_name":"Speech synthesis","level":2,"score":0.5831530690193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.5825715065002441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204201278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332614","display_name":"Voice activity detection","level":3,"score":0.4490504860877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.43251559138298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.426623672246933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.23026427626609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10226479172706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.07256588339805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3089565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:da.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp:20.500.14094/0100477470","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14094/0100477470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401924","display_name":"Kobe University Repository Kernel (Kobe University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I65837984","host_organization_name":"Kobe University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65837984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access\u30009, 94923-94933","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2b1161e52b18489e9d7ce9bb4a6bde4d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2b1161e52b18489e9d7ce9bb4a6bde4d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 94923-94933 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3089565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5731198051","display_name":"Creation of a customized communication support technology for persons with  articulation disorders","funder_award_id":"23K20733","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335839","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72347498","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1966264494","https://openalex.org/W1973746598","https://openalex.org/W2013020033","https://openalex.org/W2049686551","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2285055999","https://openalex.org/W2417163358","https://openalex.org/W2471520273","https://openalex.org/W2519091744","https://openalex.org/W2592040118","https://openalex.org/W2747070883","https://openalex.org/W2749651610","https://openalex.org/W2769810959","https://openalex.org/W2797310469","https://openalex.org/W2801291345","https://openalex.org/W2803229097","https://openalex.org/W2946200149","https://openalex.org/W2949382160","https://openalex.org/W2954386831","https://openalex.org/W2962882868","https://openalex.org/W2963091184","https://openalex.org/W2963300588","https://openalex.org/W2963522141","https://openalex.org/W2963691546","https://openalex.org/W2963782041","https://openalex.org/W2963975282","https://openalex.org/W2964073500","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964243274","https://openalex.org/W2968917279","https://openalex.org/W2970006822","https://openalex.org/W2970730223","https://openalex.org/W2972504514","https://openalex.org/W2972519044","https://openalex.org/W2972574864","https://openalex.org/W2972789651","https://openalex.org/W2972910332","https://openalex.org/W2975414524","https://openalex.org/W2990440871","https://openalex.org/W2993118648","https://openalex.org/W2994689640","https://openalex.org/W2996286887","https://openalex.org/W3007859642","https://openalex.org/W3015338123","https://openalex.org/W3015347659","https://openalex.org/W3015446641","https://openalex.org/W3015478688","https://openalex.org/W3015484365","https://openalex.org/W3015586278","https://openalex.org/W3015614880","https://openalex.org/W3016120005","https://openalex.org/W3016160783","https://openalex.org/W3016223359","https://openalex.org/W3035068567","https://openalex.org/W3038172701","https://openalex.org/W3081800019","https://openalex.org/W3082910224","https://openalex.org/W3092028330","https://openalex.org/W3095419383","https://openalex.org/W3095459301","https://openalex.org/W3095851005","https://openalex.org/W3096702751","https://openalex.org/W3097376233","https://openalex.org/W3097538987","https://openalex.org/W3097828251","https://openalex.org/W3097895838","https://openalex.org/W3098403858","https://openalex.org/W3107904486","https://openalex.org/W3117914007","https://openalex.org/W3123097577","https://openalex.org/W3129651364","https://openalex.org/W3133525064","https://openalex.org/W3144035034","https://openalex.org/W3159302906","https://openalex.org/W3160618567","https://openalex.org/W3161172673","https://openalex.org/W3162536450","https://openalex.org/W4289305009","https://openalex.org/W4294619240","https://openalex.org/W6602935006","https://openalex.org/W6630442970","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6749489859","https://openalex.org/W6753855596","https://openalex.org/W6756159577","https://openalex.org/W6763832098","https://openalex.org/W6767111847","https://openalex.org/W6767164110","https://openalex.org/W6768420517","https://openalex.org/W6771024825","https://openalex.org/W6775580082","https://openalex.org/W6776305863","https://openalex.org/W6776400185","https://openalex.org/W6776594914","https://openalex.org/W6779871621","https://openalex.org/W6782760101","https://openalex.org/W6783182287","https://openalex.org/W6783382068","https://openalex.org/W6783867762","https://openalex.org/W6790657858","https://openalex.org/W6790899109","https://openalex.org/W6794817965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039489009","https://openalex.org/W2164147372","https://openalex.org/W642007152","https://openalex.org/W4253660971","https://openalex.org/W2401827384","https://openalex.org/W2355290951","https://openalex.org/W1909292483","https://openalex.org/W2052688117","https://openalex.org/W2550171623","https://openalex.org/W596245619"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"a":[3,44,64,69,86,97,121,153],"real-time":[4,65,150],"neural":[5,66,138],"speech":[6,17,36,94,119,146],"synthesis":[7,37,55,114],"system":[8],"on":[9,33],"CPUs":[10],"that":[11,130,140],"can":[12,141],"synthesize":[13,90,142],"high-fidelity":[14,91],"48":[15,34,92,144],"kHz":[16,35,93,145],"waveforms":[18,95,147],"to":[19,89,106],"cover":[20],"the":[21,107,113,131,136],"entire":[22],"frequency":[23,75],"range":[24],"audible":[25],"by":[26,99],"human":[27],"beings.":[28],"Although":[29],"most":[30],"previous":[31],"studies":[32],"have":[38,51],"used":[39],"traditional":[40],"source-filter":[41],"vocoders":[42],"or":[43,57],"WaveNet":[45],"vocoder":[46,67,139],"for":[47],"waveform":[48],"generation,":[49],"they":[50],"some":[52,101],"drawbacks":[53],"regarding":[54],"quality":[56,115],"inference":[58],"speed.":[59],"LPCNet":[60,88,134],"was":[61],"proposed":[62,132],"as":[63],"with":[68,96,152],"mobile":[70],"CPU":[71,98],"but":[72,103],"its":[73],"sampling":[74],"is":[76,135],"still":[77],"only":[78,137],"16":[79],"kHz.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"paper,":[83],"we":[84],"propose":[85],"Full-band":[87,133],"introducing":[100],"simple":[102],"effective":[104],"modifications":[105],"conventional":[108],"LPCNet.":[109],"We":[110],"then":[111],"evaluate":[112],"using":[116],"both":[117],"normal":[118],"and":[120],"singing":[122],"voice.":[123],"The":[124],"results":[125],"of":[126],"these":[127],"experiments":[128],"demonstrate":[129],"high-quality":[143],"while":[148],"maintaining":[149],"capability":[151],"CPU.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
