{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171365152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089005","title":"On the Queuing Delay of Time-Varying Channels in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations","display_name":"On the Queuing Delay of Time-Varying Channels in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171365152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089005","mag":"3171365152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3089005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089005","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09454162.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09454162.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043448103","display_name":"N\u00e9stor J. Hern\u00e1ndez Marcano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-7675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N\u00e9stor J. Hern\u00e1ndez Marcano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, DIGIT, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3281-7675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, DIGIT, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101542542","display_name":"Luis D\u00edez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5817-3308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13134134","display_name":"Universidad de Cantabria","ror":"https://ror.org/046ffzj20","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Diez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Engineering Department, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5817-3308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Engineering Department, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044220538","display_name":"Ram\u00f3n Ag\u00fcero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9620-3990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13134134","display_name":"Universidad de Cantabria","ror":"https://ror.org/046ffzj20","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ram\u00f3n Ag\u00fcero Calvo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Engineering Department, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9620-3990","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Engineering Department, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081841065","display_name":"Rune Hylsberg Jacobsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9128-574X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rune Hylsberg Jacobsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, DIGIT, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9128-574X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, DIGIT, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":20.3793,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98739376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"87378","last_page":"87390"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7582802772521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.69086754322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queueing-theory","display_name":"Queueing theory","score":0.6581448316574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.6436762809753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.6096501350402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queuing-delay","display_name":"Queuing delay","score":0.5929320454597473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5760208368301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5209911465644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit","display_name":"Low earth orbit","score":0.45699092745780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45572441816329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.44981035590171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10533484816551208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7582802772521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.69086754322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.6581448316574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.6436762809753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.6096501350402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196095461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576842","display_name":"Queuing delay","level":3,"score":0.5929320454597473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5760208368301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5209911465644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.45699092745780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45572441816329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.44981035590171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10533484816551208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3089005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089005","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09454162.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/327ff26d-3744-4ce4-a8d9-ca2d09ee0f4a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/327ff26d-3744-4ce4-a8d9-ca2d09ee0f4a","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Marcano, N J H, Diez, L, Calvo, R A & Jacobsen, R H 2021, 'On the Queuing Delay of Time-Varying Channels in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations', IEEE Access, vol. 9, 9454162, pp. 87378-87390. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3089005","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.unican.es:10902/22782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10902/22782","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10902/22782","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400398","display_name":"UCrea (University of Cantabria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I13134134","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Cantabria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13134134"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 2021, 9, 87378-87390","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2d509620f2f44b26ac1339f6d5cf83eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2d509620f2f44b26ac1339f6d5cf83eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 87378-87390 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3089005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3089005","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09454162.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2898147066","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"861111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338394","funder_display_name":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5524316750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"8057-00038A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313796","funder_display_name":"Innovationsfonden"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6045361720","display_name":"Inspection Drones for Ensuring Safety in Transport Infrastructures","funder_award_id":"861111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6298273575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G900651700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018-093475-AI00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313796","display_name":"Innovationsfonden","ror":"https://ror.org/00daj4111"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338394","display_name":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171365152.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171365152.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521560745","https://openalex.org/W1990765246","https://openalex.org/W2003436900","https://openalex.org/W2027299161","https://openalex.org/W2059029094","https://openalex.org/W2080727337","https://openalex.org/W2105288904","https://openalex.org/W2115320522","https://openalex.org/W2142349012","https://openalex.org/W2144136361","https://openalex.org/W2154936257","https://openalex.org/W2323898278","https://openalex.org/W2334892536","https://openalex.org/W2740310146","https://openalex.org/W2782922922","https://openalex.org/W2807229072","https://openalex.org/W2883922087","https://openalex.org/W2885668138","https://openalex.org/W2900709685","https://openalex.org/W2916196201","https://openalex.org/W2932313271","https://openalex.org/W2969303834","https://openalex.org/W2998582523","https://openalex.org/W3040708965","https://openalex.org/W3045939557","https://openalex.org/W3126180944","https://openalex.org/W4287725157","https://openalex.org/W4299675538","https://openalex.org/W6677203043","https://openalex.org/W6780492509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385787340","https://openalex.org/W2394459062","https://openalex.org/W2392670398","https://openalex.org/W4221033466","https://openalex.org/W4224313018","https://openalex.org/W2355913771","https://openalex.org/W2000326185","https://openalex.org/W2092836983","https://openalex.org/W2082154508","https://openalex.org/W2141661339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"Earth":[1,30],"Orbit":[2],"(LEO)":[3],"satellite":[4,95],"constellations":[5],"are":[6],"envisioned":[7],"as":[8],"a":[9,58,81,173],"complementary":[10],"or":[11,22,34],"integrated":[12],"part":[13],"of":[14,28,44,64,93,118,131,214],"5G":[15],"and":[16,41,140,152,161,169,183,205],"future":[17],"6G":[18],"networks":[19,46,87,216],"for":[20,50,69,84,217],"broadband":[21],"massive":[23],"access,":[24],"given":[25],"their":[26],"capabilities":[27],"full":[29],"coverage":[31],"in":[32,60,76,181,194],"inaccessible":[33],"very":[35],"isolated":[36],"environments.":[37],"Although":[38],"the":[39,62,90,108,116,129,132,138,178,207,212],"queuing":[40,82,139],"end-to-end":[42,141,179],"delays":[43],"such":[45,73,145],"have":[47,172],"been":[48],"analyzed":[49],"channels":[51,68,146],"with":[52,121,147,187,219],"fixed":[53],"statistics,":[54],"currently":[55],"there":[56],"is":[57],"lack":[59],"understanding":[61],"effects":[63],"more":[65],"realistic":[66,94],"time-varying":[67],"traffic":[70,171],"aggregation":[71],"across":[72],"networks.":[74],"Therefore,":[75],"this":[77],"work":[78],"we":[79],"propose":[80],"model":[83,120],"LEO":[85],"constellation-based":[86],"that":[88,166],"captures":[89],"inherent":[91],"variability":[92],"channels,":[96],"where":[97],"ground-to-satellite/satellite-to-ground":[98,167],"links":[99,168],"may":[100],"present":[101],"extremely":[102],"poor":[103],"connection":[104],"periods":[105],"due":[106],"to":[107],"Land":[109],"Mobile":[110],"Satellite":[111],"(LMS)":[112],"channel.":[113],"We":[114,135],"verify":[115],"validity":[117],"our":[119],"an":[122,198],"extensive":[123],"event-driven":[124],"simulator":[125],"framework":[126],"analysis":[127],"capturing":[128],"characteristics":[130],"considered":[133],"scenario.":[134],"later":[136],"study":[137],"delay":[142,180],"distributions":[143],"under":[144],"various":[148],"link,":[149],"traffic,":[150],"packet":[151],"background":[153,170],"conditions,":[154],"while":[155],"observing":[156],"good":[157],"match":[158],"between":[159,201],"theory":[160],"simulation.":[162],"Our":[163],"results":[164],"show":[165],"much":[174],"stronger":[175],"impact":[176],"over":[177],"mean":[182],"particularly":[184],"variance,":[185],"even":[186],"moderate":[188],"queues,":[189],"than":[190],"unobstructed":[191],"inter-satellite":[192],"connections":[193],"outer":[195],"space":[196],"on":[197],"established":[199],"path":[200],"two":[202],"ground":[203],"stations":[204],"through":[206],"constellation.":[208],"This":[209],"might":[210],"hinder":[211],"usability":[213],"these":[215],"services":[218],"stringent":[220],"time":[221],"requirements.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}