{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169153365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3088608","title":"DeepPIRATES: A Training-Light PIR-Based Localization Method With High Generalization Ability","display_name":"DeepPIRATES: A Training-Light PIR-Based Localization Method With High Generalization Ability","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169153365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3088608","mag":"3169153365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3088608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3088608","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09452116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09452116.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085850576","display_name":"Tianye Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianye Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054082208","display_name":"Peng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4410-034X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100665053","display_name":"Wenyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-7488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400563","display_name":"Xuefeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-8731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuefeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048029092","display_name":"Tianyu Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-5898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communication, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085850576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4064,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60186924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"86054","last_page":"86061"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7770503163337708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7666465044021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6148030757904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5434541702270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5267983078956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.5058107376098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4808919429779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4306832253932953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.41574063897132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.41345077753067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33191823959350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.08832347393035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07884129881858826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7770503163337708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7666465044021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6148030757904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5434541702270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5267983078956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.5058107376098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4808919429779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4306832253932953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.41574063897132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.41345077753067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33191823959350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.08832347393035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07884129881858826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3088608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3088608","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09452116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e037d7407f2d45f094c4de117542d0b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e037d7407f2d45f094c4de117542d0b2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 86054-86061 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3088608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3088608","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09452116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5186603625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872410","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7876028058","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6187241","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169153365.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169153365.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494657455","https://openalex.org/W1508662134","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2001468222","https://openalex.org/W2045257906","https://openalex.org/W2055936398","https://openalex.org/W2058682657","https://openalex.org/W2120985204","https://openalex.org/W2343454598","https://openalex.org/W2460742184","https://openalex.org/W2501607496","https://openalex.org/W2626478673","https://openalex.org/W2963709863","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964988056","https://openalex.org/W3023555628","https://openalex.org/W3091812344","https://openalex.org/W4255809682","https://openalex.org/W6630255545","https://openalex.org/W6631190155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006474185","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088","https://openalex.org/W632915154","https://openalex.org/W2079312091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pyroelectric":[0],"infrared":[1,54,85],"(PIR)":[2],"sensors":[3],"are":[4,42],"much":[5],"promising":[6],"for":[7],"device-free":[8],"localization":[9,26,73,167,216],"(DFL)":[10],"due":[11,48],"to":[12,34,49,119,179,187,198,224],"their":[13,200],"advantages":[14],"of":[15,38,53,62,184],"lower":[16],"cost,":[17,99],"low":[18],"power":[19],"consumption,":[20],"and":[21,80,100,130,159],"privacy":[22],"protection.":[23],"Most":[24],"PIR-based":[25,72],"methods":[27],"usually":[28],"assume":[29],"some":[30],"geometric":[31,161,205],"models":[32],"according":[33],"the":[35,50,60,71,83,89,109,114,120,127,166,181,194,228],"detection":[36],"principle":[37],"PIR":[39,110,189],"sensors,":[40],"which":[41,144],"however":[43],"not":[44,222],"accurate":[45],"or":[46],"robust":[47,141],"various":[51,150],"cases":[52],"radiation":[55,86],"from":[56],"human":[57],"body,":[58],"especially":[59],"case":[61],"multiple":[63,185],"persons.":[64],"Recently,":[65],"deep":[66,157],"learning":[67,158],"is":[68,117],"utilized":[69,148],"in":[70,88,113,122,135,149],"method":[74,94,142],"(i.e.":[75],"PIRNet":[76],"Yang":[77],"et":[78],"al.)":[79],"well":[81],"handles":[82],"complex":[84],"even":[87],"multi-person":[90],"case.":[91],"However,":[92],"this":[93,136],"requires":[95],"a":[96,140,160,176,188,204],"high":[97,132],"training":[98,123,128],"has":[101],"very":[102],"weak":[103],"generalization":[104,133],"ability":[105],"as":[106,218],"it":[107],"assumes":[108],"sensors'":[111],"deployment":[112,121,151,230],"testing":[115],"environment":[116],"same":[118],"environment.":[124],"To":[125],"reduce":[126],"cost":[129],"achieve":[131,214],"ability,":[134],"paper,":[137],"we":[138],"propose":[139],"DeepPIRATES,":[143],"can":[145,213],"be":[146,225],"directly":[147],"scenarios":[152],"without":[153],"retraining.":[154],"DeepPIRATES":[155,164,192,212],"combines":[156],"model.":[162,206],"Specifically,":[163],"divides":[165],"task":[168],"into":[169],"two":[170],"steps.":[171],"The":[172],"first":[173],"step":[174],"utilizes":[175,193],"neural":[177],"network":[178],"estimate":[180],"azimuth":[182,196],"changes":[183,197],"persons":[186],"sensor.":[190],"Then,":[191],"persons'":[195],"infer":[199],"locations":[201],"based":[202],"on":[203],"Extensive":[207],"experimental":[208],"results":[209],"show":[210],"that":[211],"similar":[215],"accuracy":[217],"PIRNet,":[219],"while":[220],"does":[221],"require":[223],"retrained":[226],"when":[227],"sensor":[229],"changes.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
