{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170253149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087583","title":"An Interpretable Deep Learning Model for Covid-19 Detection With Chest <i>X</i>-Ray Images","display_name":"An Interpretable Deep Learning Model for Covid-19 Detection With Chest <i>X</i>-Ray Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170253149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087583","mag":"3170253149","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087583","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026861179","display_name":"Gurmail Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-8221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194028371","display_name":"University of Regina","ror":"https://ror.org/03dzc0485","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gurmail Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of Regina Regina SK S4S 0A2 Canada","Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0819-8221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of Regina Regina SK S4S 0A2 Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068924885","display_name":"Kin\u2010Choong Yow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8610-661X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194028371","display_name":"University of Regina","ror":"https://ror.org/03dzc0485","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kin-Choong Yow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of Regina Regina SK S4S 0A2 Canada","Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8610-661X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of Regina Regina SK S4S 0A2 Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194028371"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.1644,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97034427,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"85198","last_page":"85208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6642993688583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.5854453444480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5681509375572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48778587579727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39540499448776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33401069045066833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11788889765739441}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6642993688583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5854453444480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5681509375572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48778587579727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39540499448776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33401069045066833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11788889765739441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35256923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3dd4c9f2039745d3a334d3538e170d41","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3dd4c9f2039745d3a334d3538e170d41","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 85198-85208 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8864958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8864958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44815768","https://openalex.org/W56385144","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1496650988","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1825675169","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1928906481","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2130325614","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2202499615","https://openalex.org/W2267126114","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2594633041","https://openalex.org/W2604702198","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2737725206","https://openalex.org/W2741582944","https://openalex.org/W2765813195","https://openalex.org/W2773003563","https://openalex.org/W2774249462","https://openalex.org/W2811104224","https://openalex.org/W2895739182","https://openalex.org/W2953318193","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963464195","https://openalex.org/W2964180856","https://openalex.org/W2971048680","https://openalex.org/W3013564598","https://openalex.org/W3017011257","https://openalex.org/W3017855299","https://openalex.org/W3022483099","https://openalex.org/W3024801014","https://openalex.org/W3026419502","https://openalex.org/W3045975320","https://openalex.org/W3064374686","https://openalex.org/W3082967155","https://openalex.org/W3083972167","https://openalex.org/W3085360812","https://openalex.org/W3091770411","https://openalex.org/W3091978650","https://openalex.org/W3095681026","https://openalex.org/W3100293673","https://openalex.org/W3101895620","https://openalex.org/W3109349638","https://openalex.org/W3118649749","https://openalex.org/W3118694803","https://openalex.org/W3119002188","https://openalex.org/W3129482290","https://openalex.org/W3135579708","https://openalex.org/W3158067703","https://openalex.org/W3159048544","https://openalex.org/W3170253149","https://openalex.org/W4293861706","https://openalex.org/W4297752781","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638389677","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6640376812","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6717255582","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6736321067","https://openalex.org/W6739575509","https://openalex.org/W6745359453","https://openalex.org/W6753001334","https://openalex.org/W6776409848","https://openalex.org/W6783214698","https://openalex.org/W6794467611"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timely":[0],"and":[1,69,83,122,133],"accurate":[2],"detection":[3,16],"of":[4,17,33,37,77,98,111,114,158,169,173,176,184,194],"an":[5,52,128],"epidemic/pandemic":[6],"is":[7,46,59,139,179],"always":[8],"desired":[9],"to":[10,43,62,108,126,181],"prevent":[11],"its":[12],"spread.":[13],"For":[14],"the":[15,34,84,99,143,153,156,166,182,192,195],"any":[18,112],"disease,":[19],"there":[20],"can":[21],"be":[22],"more":[23],"than":[24],"one":[25],"approach":[26],"including":[27],"deep":[28,39,54,65,147],"learning":[29,40,55,66,148],"models.":[30],"However,":[31],"transparency/interpretability":[32],"reasoning":[35],"process":[36],"a":[38,47,95,188],"model":[41,137,164,190],"related":[42,61],"health":[44],"science":[45],"necessity.":[48],"Thus,":[49],"we":[50,93,151],"introduce":[51],"interpretable":[53,64],"model:":[56],"Gen-ProtoPNet.":[57],"Gen-ProtoPNet":[58],"closely":[60],"two":[63,73],"models:":[67],"ProtoPNet":[68],"NP-ProtoPNet":[70],"The":[71,131],"latter":[72],"models":[74,149,154],"use":[75,94,109],"prototypes":[76,110],"spacial":[78,115,120,124],"dimension":[79],"[Formula:":[80,87,102,159],"see":[81,88,103,160],"text]":[82,104],"distance":[85,100],"function":[86,101],"text].":[89],"In":[90],"our":[91,136],"model,":[92],"generalized":[96],"version":[97],"that":[105,117,135,178],"enables":[106],"us":[107],"type":[113],"dimensions,":[116],"is,":[118],"square":[119],"dimensions":[121,125],"rectangular":[123],"classify":[127],"input":[129],"image.":[130],"accuracy":[132,168,183],"precision":[134],"receives":[138],"on":[140,155,171,191],"par":[141],"with":[142],"best":[144],"performing":[145],"non-interpretable":[146,189],"when":[150],"tested":[152],"dataset":[157],"text]-ray":[161],"images.":[162],"Our":[163],"attains":[165],"highest":[167],"87.27%":[170],"classification":[172,193],"three":[174],"classes":[175],"images,":[177],"close":[180],"88.42%":[185],"attained":[186],"by":[187],"given":[196],"dataset.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
