{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171442606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087238","title":"Evolutionary Rear-Lamp Tracking at Nighttime","display_name":"Evolutionary Rear-Lamp Tracking at Nighttime","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171442606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087238","mag":"3171442606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087238","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09448022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09448022.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103141237","display_name":"Haitian Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1614-5004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haitian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Northwest A&#x0026;F University, Yangling, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Northwest A&#x0026;F University, Yangling, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037704806","display_name":"Takumi Nakane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-760X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111966504","display_name":"University of Fukui","ror":"https://ror.org/00msqp585","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takumi Nakane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051645587","display_name":"Naidan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89652312","display_name":"Northwest A&F University","ror":"https://ror.org/0051rme32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naidan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Northwest A&#x0026;F University, Yangling, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Northwest A&#x0026;F University, Yangling, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089283853","display_name":"Chao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0845-9217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111966504","display_name":"University of Fukui","ror":"https://ror.org/00msqp585","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111966504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103141237"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89652312"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5814,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68000454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"86667","last_page":"86676"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7860056161880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7257359623908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7217240333557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5596837401390076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.5066648125648499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4196995198726654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"Fitness function","score":0.4193834364414215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.21591806411743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.2103506624698639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.08667594194412231}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7860056161880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7257359623908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7217240333557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5596837401390076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.5066648125648499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4196995198726654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.4193834364414215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.21591806411743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2103506624698639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08667594194412231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087238","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09448022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d2b7484ff2c94e449ff38a96ccfc8449","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d2b7484ff2c94e449ff38a96ccfc8449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 86667-86676 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087238","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09448022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171442606.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171442606.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W161114242","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1748865993","https://openalex.org/W1913744585","https://openalex.org/W1968850857","https://openalex.org/W1983473365","https://openalex.org/W1984193939","https://openalex.org/W2001785244","https://openalex.org/W2030821632","https://openalex.org/W2034938692","https://openalex.org/W2042219361","https://openalex.org/W2051230314","https://openalex.org/W2081865073","https://openalex.org/W2115900659","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2126736363","https://openalex.org/W2127741730","https://openalex.org/W2127782573","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2165037244","https://openalex.org/W2190599092","https://openalex.org/W2342810050","https://openalex.org/W2560741668","https://openalex.org/W2578339243","https://openalex.org/W2768149277","https://openalex.org/W2768487043","https://openalex.org/W2777022242","https://openalex.org/W2778343555","https://openalex.org/W2804524044","https://openalex.org/W2904250082","https://openalex.org/W2909232022","https://openalex.org/W2958173007","https://openalex.org/W2989980422","https://openalex.org/W2997254009","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3030480053","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3115061952","https://openalex.org/W4249545506","https://openalex.org/W6606595081","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6785652829","https://openalex.org/W6788332346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2093748878","https://openalex.org/W2333771223","https://openalex.org/W2120056845","https://openalex.org/W1981531423","https://openalex.org/W1679012645","https://openalex.org/W2070318884","https://openalex.org/W2013741627","https://openalex.org/W1773678232","https://openalex.org/W2158788032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rear-lamp":[0],"tracking":[1,29,41,65,163,200],"at":[2,67,164,188],"nighttime":[3],"plays":[4],"a":[5,71,92,110,180],"momentous":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,69,119,202],"the":[9,27,77,87,168,171,175],"advanced":[10],"driver":[11],"assistance":[12],"system":[13],"(ADAS),":[14],"involving":[15],"collision":[16],"mitigation,":[17],"automatic":[18,21],"cruise":[19],"control,":[20],"headlamp":[22],"dimming,":[23],"etc.":[24],"Most":[25],"of":[26,112,204],"existing":[28],"methods":[30,42,201],"based":[31,115],"on":[32,36,116,146],"monocular":[33],"camera":[34],"leverage":[35],"color":[37,100,121,127,147],"features.":[38],"However,":[39],"such":[40],"can":[43],"be":[44],"easily":[45],"influenced":[46],"by":[47,76,98],"background":[48],"clutter,":[49],"illumination":[50],"change,":[51],"distance":[52],"variation,":[53],"and":[54,105,149,174,207],"occlusion.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"we":[59,178],"propose":[60],"an":[61],"evolutionary":[62],"adaptive":[63,113],"rear-lamp":[64,162],"method":[66,196],"nighttime,":[68],"which":[70,144,183],"novel":[72,181],"genetic":[73],"algorithm":[74],"powered":[75],"probabilistic":[78],"bitwise":[79],"operation":[80],"(PBO)":[81],"is":[82,96,123,141,156],"utilized.":[83],"Also,":[84],"to":[85,125,132,137,152],"improve":[86],"robustness":[88],"against":[89],"various":[90],"environments,":[91],"balanced":[93],"fitness":[94],"function":[95],"proposed":[97,124],"taking":[99],"information,":[101],"symmetry,":[102],"spatial":[103],"relationship,":[104],"rigidity":[106],"into":[107],"account.":[108],"Especially,":[109],"series":[111],"thresholds":[114],"rear":[117],"data":[118],"HSV":[120],"space":[122],"exploit":[126],"information":[128,148],"reasonably":[129],"with":[130,139],"respect":[131],"our":[133,153,195],"task.":[134],"A":[135],"strategy":[136],"deal":[138],"occlusion":[140],"also":[142],"proposed,":[143],"relies":[145],"rigidity.":[150],"Moreover,":[151],"knowledge,":[154],"there":[155],"no":[157],"publicly":[158],"available":[159],"dataset":[160],"for":[161],"nighttime.":[165,189],"To":[166],"fill":[167],"gap":[169],"between":[170],"real-world":[172],"application":[173],"theoretical":[176],"research,":[177],"create":[179],"dataset,":[182],"contains":[184],"diverse":[185],"traffic":[186],"conditions":[187],"The":[190],"experimental":[191],"results":[192],"indicate":[193],"that":[194],"outperforms":[197],"comparative":[198],"online":[199],"terms":[203],"success":[205],"rate":[206],"center":[208],"location":[209],"error.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
