{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169571873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087081","title":"ACT on RE+FLEX: Accelerating Coal Transition Through Repurposing Coal Plants Into Renewable and Flexibility Centers","display_name":"ACT on RE+FLEX: Accelerating Coal Transition Through Repurposing Coal Plants Into Renewable and Flexibility Centers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169571873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087081","mag":"3169571873"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09448134.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09448134.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062703330","display_name":"Ziting Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-5962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziting Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-5962","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035449240","display_name":"Ivana Smolenova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2523-4554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivana Smolenova","raw_affiliation_strings":["The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2523-4554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088232260","display_name":"Debabrata Chattopadhyay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8695-9439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debabrata Chattopadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8695-9439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047439414","display_name":"Chandrasekhar Govindarajalu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandrasekhar Govindarajalu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2628-8922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037926897","display_name":"Joeri de Wit","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joeri De Wit","raw_affiliation_strings":["The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038940075","display_name":"Tom R\u00e9my","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Remy","raw_affiliation_strings":["The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007622629","display_name":"Ilka Deluque Curiel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilka Deluque Curiel","raw_affiliation_strings":["The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062703330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.1186,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77197851,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"84811","last_page":"84827"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11801","display_name":"Reservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal","display_name":"Coal","score":0.7751497030258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.6688845157623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-of-electricity-by-source","display_name":"Cost of electricity by source","score":0.5825360417366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.5508593916893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-resource-economics","display_name":"Natural resource economics","score":0.5048685669898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repurposing","display_name":"Repurposing","score":0.48640158772468567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-generation","display_name":"Electricity generation","score":0.4541565179824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.43861281871795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nameplate-capacity","display_name":"Nameplate capacity","score":0.4139566719532013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3506506681442261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33863160014152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"Waste management","score":0.27576273679733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.23789790272712708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.23025500774383545}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.7751497030258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.6688845157623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5979214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126932","display_name":"Cost of electricity by source","level":4,"score":0.5825360417366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.5508593916893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.5048685669898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519536355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21021151","display_name":"Repurposing","level":2,"score":0.48640158772468567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.4541565179824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.43861281871795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71554815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200974","display_name":"Nameplate capacity","level":4,"score":0.4139566719532013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3506506681442261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33863160014152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.27576273679733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.23789790272712708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.23025500774383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09448134.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d47f2ddec44412bae59e36c1eb03709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d47f2ddec44412bae59e36c1eb03709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 84811-84827 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3087081","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09448134.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307855","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169571873.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169571873.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W792872581","https://openalex.org/W2503529774","https://openalex.org/W2589798385","https://openalex.org/W2883452649","https://openalex.org/W2895602687","https://openalex.org/W2903984163","https://openalex.org/W3004938668","https://openalex.org/W3007570322","https://openalex.org/W3034728487","https://openalex.org/W3039323621","https://openalex.org/W3115870707","https://openalex.org/W3145936474","https://openalex.org/W6756954897"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3091486096","https://openalex.org/W4387705799","https://openalex.org/W2923652323","https://openalex.org/W4401251924","https://openalex.org/W3194348528","https://openalex.org/W2755876968","https://openalex.org/W2993707183","https://openalex.org/W2472597273","https://openalex.org/W2616208032","https://openalex.org/W2514111033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Decarbonizing":[0],"the":[1,9,21,49,139,153,214,251,259,275],"power":[2,24,73,229],"sector":[3],"forms":[4],"a":[5,31,194,218,223,239,267,272,280,295,307],"critical":[6],"part":[7,33,249],"of":[8,20,27,34,52,67,86,94,100,123,127,156,165,190,202,213,234,250,258,298],"global":[10,22],"combat":[11],"against":[12],"climate":[13],"change.":[14],"This":[15],"requires":[16],"inter":[17],"alia":[18],"retirement":[19,189],"coal":[23,54,87,101,124,150,174,191,241,287],"plant":[25,74,242,288],"fleet":[26,122],"2,100":[28],"GW.":[29],"Although":[30],"significant":[32,84],"this":[35,304],"capacity":[36],"is":[37,119],"aging,":[38],"there":[39,118],"are":[40,129,134],"complex":[41,260],"issues":[42],"that":[43,98,146,178,198],"need":[44],"to":[45,60,65,96,171,226,265,278,284],"be":[46],"addressed":[47],"including":[48,208],"economic":[50],"viability":[51],"existing":[53],"plants":[55,125,177],"in":[56],"some":[57,201,257],"countries":[58,82,142],"relative":[59],"renewable":[61,111,157],"projects":[62,112,158],"and":[63,88,117,230,232,292],"barriers":[64],"exit":[66],"coal.":[68],"We":[69,301],"have":[70,113,147,159,179,302],"used":[71],"detailed":[72],"level":[75],"operational":[76],"cost":[77,93,155],"data":[78],"for":[79,205,243,290,310],"ten":[80],"developing":[81],"with":[83,91,222],"share":[85],"compared":[89],"these":[90,203],"levelized":[92],"renewables,":[95,211],"demonstrate":[97],"competitiveness":[99],"varies":[102],"significantly":[103],"across":[104],"different":[105],"geographies.":[106],"Countries":[107],"like":[108,143],"India":[109],"where":[110],"been":[114],"highly":[115,136],"competitive":[116],"an":[120],"aging":[121],"many":[126],"which":[128],"far":[130],"away":[131],"from":[132,210],"mines,":[133],"already":[135],"uncompetitive.":[137],"On":[138],"other":[140],"hand,":[141],"South":[144],"Africa":[145],"relatively":[148],"inexpensive":[149],"plants,":[151],"but":[152],"average":[154],"not":[160],"yet":[161],"dropped":[162],"sufficiently":[163],"(as":[164],"2020),":[166],"will":[167],"require":[168,193],"special":[169],"efforts":[170],"phase":[172],"out":[173],"completely":[175],"beyond":[176],"reached,":[180],"or":[181],"gone":[182],"well":[183],"past":[184],"their":[185],"technical":[186],"life.":[187],"Accelerated":[188],"would":[192],"new":[195],"business":[196],"model":[197],"allows":[199],"repurposing":[200,269,291],"sites":[204],"alternative":[206],"usage":[207],"generation":[209],"conversion":[212],"incumbent":[215],"generator":[216],"into":[217],"synchronous":[219],"condenser":[220],"coupled":[221],"fly":[224],"wheel":[225],"provide":[227],"reactive":[228],"inertia;":[231],"installation":[233],"energy":[235,244],"storage":[236],"systems.":[237],"As":[238],"repurposed":[240],"related":[245],"activities":[246],"can":[247,254],"retain":[248],"workforce,":[252],"it":[253],"also":[255],"address":[256],"social":[261],"issues.":[262],"In":[263],"order":[264],"develop":[266],"comprehensive":[268],"program":[270],"at":[271],"national":[273],"level,":[274],"process":[276],"needs":[277],"follow":[279],"least-cost":[281],"planning":[282],"methodology":[283,305],"identify":[285],"prospective":[286],"candidates":[289],"then":[293],"undertake":[294],"cost-benefit":[296],"analysis":[297],"individual":[299],"projects.":[300],"demonstrated":[303],"using":[306],"case":[308],"study":[309],"Morocco.":[311]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}