{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124178290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3086892","title":"Gigapixel Histopathological Image Analysis Using Attention-Based Neural Networks","display_name":"Gigapixel Histopathological Image Analysis Using Attention-Based Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124178290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3086892","mag":"3124178290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3086892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3086892","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09447746.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09447746.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090648317","display_name":"Nadia Brancati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-1187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005160176","display_name":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking","ror":"https://ror.org/04r5fge26","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadia Brancati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking of National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-1187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking of National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025157025","display_name":"Giuseppe De Pietro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-5957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005160176","display_name":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking","ror":"https://ror.org/04r5fge26","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe De Pietro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking of National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking of National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026226784","display_name":"Daniel Riccio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5844-0602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005160176","display_name":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking","ror":"https://ror.org/04r5fge26","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Riccio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking of National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Naples, Italy","University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5844-0602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking of National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012275821","display_name":"Maria Frucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-931X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005160176","display_name":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking","ror":"https://ror.org/04r5fge26","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Frucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking of National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-931X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking of National Research Council of Italy (ICAR-CNR), Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005160176","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.1197,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92628145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"87552","last_page":"87562"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.705994725227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5606659054756165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4818247854709625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.471708744764328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4307229816913605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39412444829940796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.705994725227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5606659054756165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4818247854709625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.471708744764328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4307229816913605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39412444829940796}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3086892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3086892","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09447746.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.09992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.09992","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.09992","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d9471b42d9f04efeafe4dbc799605509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d9471b42d9f04efeafe4dbc799605509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 87552-87562 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3086892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3086892","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09447746.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124178290.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124178290.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555168845","https://openalex.org/W1835905048","https://openalex.org/W1857789879","https://openalex.org/W1982390426","https://openalex.org/W2037696125","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2302302587","https://openalex.org/W2344480160","https://openalex.org/W2554892747","https://openalex.org/W2620578070","https://openalex.org/W2738853914","https://openalex.org/W2772723798","https://openalex.org/W2786005418","https://openalex.org/W2803416021","https://openalex.org/W2805192722","https://openalex.org/W2883567318","https://openalex.org/W2883569951","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2884988214","https://openalex.org/W2885824038","https://openalex.org/W2900118953","https://openalex.org/W2920507514","https://openalex.org/W2924361103","https://openalex.org/W2942513763","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962934138","https://openalex.org/W2979311889","https://openalex.org/W2986668407","https://openalex.org/W3042405885","https://openalex.org/W3100084586","https://openalex.org/W3100227965","https://openalex.org/W3108327761","https://openalex.org/W4239072543","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4362223627","https://openalex.org/W6748410948","https://openalex.org/W6753412334","https://openalex.org/W6760363630"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"CNNs":[1],"are":[2,142,214,236],"widely":[3],"considered":[4],"as":[5,61,115],"the":[6,17,23,42,51,84,90,108,125,153,175,178,195,203,209,217,240,258,261,275,290,293],"state-of-the-art":[7,276],"models":[8],"in":[9,70,80,104,111],"various":[10],"applications":[11],"of":[12,16,25,41,48,50,76,82,86,89,96,106,127,152,166,198,226,233,260,274,292],"image":[13,43,91,180,204],"analysis,":[14],"one":[15],"main":[18],"challenges":[19],"still":[20],"open":[21],"is":[22,159,181,253],"training":[24,109],"a":[26,39,67,74,94,101,113,122,146,150,162,167,171,184,190],"CNN":[27,163],"on":[28,161,277],"high":[29,68,102],"resolution":[30,71],"images.":[31],"Different":[32],"strategies":[33,54],"have":[34,285],"been":[35,206,286],"proposed":[36,294],"involving":[37],"either":[38],"rescaling":[40],"or":[44,99],"an":[45],"individual":[46],"processing":[47],"parts":[49,88],"image.":[52],"Such":[53],"cannot":[55],"be":[56],"applied":[57,215],"to":[58,116,194,216,230,257,288],"images,":[59,64],"such":[60,112],"gigapixel":[62,128,179],"histopathological":[63,129],"for":[65,124,239],"which":[66,83,202,235],"reduction":[69],"inherently":[72],"effects":[73],"loss":[75],"discriminative":[77],"information,":[78,252],"and":[79,149,170,250,264,283],"respect":[81],"analysis":[85,126,140],"single":[87],"suffers":[92],"from":[93],"lack":[95],"global":[97,249],"information":[98],"implies":[100],"workload":[103],"terms":[105],"annotating":[107],"images":[110,130,263],"way":[114],"select":[117],"significant":[118],"parts.":[119],"We":[120],"propose":[121],"method":[123,158,246],"solely":[131],"by":[132,188],"using":[133,189],"weak":[134,267],"image-level":[135,268],"labels.":[136,269],"In":[137,174,208],"particular,":[138],"two":[139,278],"tasks":[141],"taken":[143],"into":[144,183,201,222],"account:":[145],"binary":[147],"classification":[148],"prediction":[151],"tumor":[154],"proliferation":[155],"score.":[156],"Our":[157,245],"based":[160],"structure":[164],"consisting":[165],"compressing":[168,176],"path":[169],"learning":[172,210],"path.":[173],"path,":[177,211],"packed":[182],"grid-based":[185,218],"feature":[186,196,219],"map":[187],"residual":[191],"network":[192],"devoted":[193],"extraction":[197],"each":[199],"patch":[200,228],"has":[205],"divided.":[207],"attention":[212],"modules":[213],"map,":[220],"taking":[221],"account":[223],"spatial":[224],"correlations":[225],"neighboring":[227],"features":[229],"find":[231],"regions":[232],"interest,":[234],"then":[237],"used":[238],"final":[241],"whole":[242],"slide":[243],"analysis.":[244],"integrates":[247],"both":[248],"local":[251],"flexible":[254],"with":[255,271],"regard":[256],"size":[259],"input":[262],"only":[265],"requires":[266],"Comparisons":[270],"different":[272],"methods":[273],"well":[279],"known":[280],"datasets,":[281],"Camelyon16":[282],"TUPAC16,":[284],"made":[287],"confirm":[289],"validity":[291],"model.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
