{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170034909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3086024","title":"Adaptive-Combining-Based Hybrid FSO/RF Satellite Communication With and Without HAPS","display_name":"Adaptive-Combining-Based Hybrid FSO/RF Satellite Communication With and Without HAPS","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170034909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3086024","mag":"3170034909"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3086024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3086024","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09446153.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09446153.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090724992","display_name":"Suyash Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-3797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suyash Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Indore, Indore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-3797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Indore, Indore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061297834","display_name":"Mokkapati Siddharth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3140-748X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mokkapati Siddharth","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Indore, Indore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3140-748X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Indore, Indore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066621734","display_name":"Narendra Vishwakarma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9604-7350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narendra Vishwakarma","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Indore, Indore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9604-7350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Indore, Indore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036877094","display_name":"R Swaminathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-0144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Swaminathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Indore, Indore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-0144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Indore, Indore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055069205","display_name":"A. S. Madhukumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-634X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. S. Madhukumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-634X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.5892,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97495007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"81492","last_page":"81511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7127413153648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.696241557598114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.5678532719612122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.5525293350219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.5332716703414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backup","display_name":"Backup","score":0.5323681235313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.5311948657035828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.48075172305107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4786973297595978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.427132785320282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-optics","display_name":"Adaptive optics","score":0.41611942648887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3555558919906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3436632752418518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2945047616958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.24251016974449158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1691884994506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10865521430969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.0934058427810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.08980011940002441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08425784111022949}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7127413153648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.696241557598114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.5678532719612122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.5525293350219727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.5332716703414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.5323681235313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.5311948657035828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.48075172305107117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4786973297595978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.427132785320282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.41611942648887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3555558919906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3436632752418518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2945047616958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.24251016974449158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1691884994506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10865521430969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0934058427810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.08980011940002441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08425784111022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3086024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3086024","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09446153.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:96a351cb77dd4ff9af5686298cd0fd82","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/96a351cb77dd4ff9af5686298cd0fd82","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 81492-81511 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/154071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/154071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3086024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3086024","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09446153.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffdsr55"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3170034909.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3170034909.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W598996319","https://openalex.org/W1533309263","https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W2006215529","https://openalex.org/W2055504073","https://openalex.org/W2123967481","https://openalex.org/W2148693875","https://openalex.org/W2158775100","https://openalex.org/W2165775263","https://openalex.org/W2237628700","https://openalex.org/W2255106211","https://openalex.org/W2256790087","https://openalex.org/W2314274351","https://openalex.org/W2477262077","https://openalex.org/W2511038469","https://openalex.org/W2523196012","https://openalex.org/W2804608220","https://openalex.org/W2805161269","https://openalex.org/W2811057672","https://openalex.org/W2886256610","https://openalex.org/W2922074576","https://openalex.org/W3008609509","https://openalex.org/W3015435949","https://openalex.org/W3028742748","https://openalex.org/W3034104086","https://openalex.org/W3039539730","https://openalex.org/W3098949437","https://openalex.org/W3120420594"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043660082","https://openalex.org/W2040925369","https://openalex.org/W2040304548","https://openalex.org/W2095561469","https://openalex.org/W2069061296","https://openalex.org/W2021192725","https://openalex.org/W2368470307","https://openalex.org/W2380457887","https://openalex.org/W3095164059","https://openalex.org/W2154623679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,54,86,154,228],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"a":[3,59,76,99,151],"growing":[4],"interest":[5],"has":[6,113],"been":[7],"witnessed":[8],"in":[9,193,221],"the":[10,70,81,108,116,127,130,160,166,180,207,212,222,230,235,252,261,265],"usage":[11],"of":[12,83,118,129,156,172,182,189,195,264],"free":[13],"space":[14],"optics":[15],"(FSO)":[16],"link":[17,72,78,184],"for":[18,139,224,244],"satellite":[19,105],"communication":[20,62],"(SATCOM)":[21],"scenarios,":[22],"as":[23,75,98,150],"it":[24],"offers":[25],"much":[26],"higher":[27],"data":[28,161],"rates":[29],"up":[30],"to":[31,37,48,79,106,115,259],"gigabits":[32],"per":[33],"second":[34],"(Gbps)":[35],"compared":[36,210],"existing":[38],"radio":[39],"frequency":[40],"(RF)":[41],"link.":[42],"However,":[43],"FSO":[44,84,167,175,183,214,242],"links":[45,176],"are":[46],"sensitive":[47],"beam":[49],"scintillation":[50],"and":[51,67,104,142,146,174,197,206,216],"pointing":[52],"errors.":[53],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57,88],"consider":[58,90],"hybrid":[60,121,132,225],"FSO/RF":[61,122,226],"between":[63,102],"ground":[64],"station":[65,93],"(GS)":[66],"satellite,":[68],"where":[69],"RF":[71,173],"will":[73,96],"act":[74,97],"backup":[77],"improve":[80,107],"reliability":[82],"communication.":[85],"addition,":[87,229],"also":[89,249,256],"high-altitude":[91],"platform":[92],"(HAPS),":[94],"which":[95],"relay":[100,152],"station,":[101],"GS":[103],"end-to-end":[109],"system":[110,243],"performance.":[111],"This":[112],"led":[114],"development":[117],"space-air-ground":[119],"integrated":[120],"SATCOM":[123,215],"networks.":[124],"We":[125],"analyse":[126],"performance":[128,187,231],"proposed":[131,220,236,266],"network":[133],"considering":[134],"an":[135],"adaptive-combining-based":[136,157,190],"switching":[137,158,191,218],"scheme":[138,192,219,239],"both":[140],"uplink":[141],"downlink":[143],"scenarios":[144],"with":[145,211],"without":[147],"using":[148],"HAPS":[149],"station.":[153],"case":[155],"scheme,":[159],"is":[162,177,203,209,248,255],"continuously":[163],"transmitted":[164],"over":[165,240],"link,":[168],"while":[169],"maximal-ratio-combining":[170],"(MRC)":[171],"performed":[178],"when":[179],"quality":[181],"deteriorates.":[185],"The":[186],"analysis":[188,254],"terms":[194],"outage":[196],"average":[198],"symbol":[199],"error":[200],"rate":[201],"(SER)":[202],"carried":[204,257],"out":[205,258],"same":[208],"single-link":[213,241],"single-threshold-based":[217],"literature":[223],"SATCOM.":[227],"gain":[232,263],"obtained":[233],"by":[234],"adaptive":[237],"combining":[238],"different":[245],"channel":[246],"conditions":[247],"reported.":[250],"Further,":[251],"asymptotic":[253],"obtain":[260],"diversity":[262],"system.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}