{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3166967660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3085752","title":"Improving the Accuracy of Early Software Size Estimation Using Analysis-to-Design Adjustment Factors (ADAFs)","display_name":"Improving the Accuracy of Early Software Size Estimation Using Analysis-to-Design Adjustment Factors (ADAFs)","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3166967660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3085752","mag":"3166967660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3085752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3085752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09446084.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09446084.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020165233","display_name":"Marriam Daud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5087-8733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marriam Daud","raw_affiliation_strings":["FAST School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5087-8733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FAST School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009354001","display_name":"Ali Afzal Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3912-0945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Afzal Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["FAST School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FAST School of Computing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020165233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.5596,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9100703,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"81986","last_page":"81999"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6872187256813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6447794437408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.460771769285202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4561578035354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagram","display_name":"Diagram","score":0.44059503078460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.44046103954315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.430294394493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40134841203689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35412439703941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35371488332748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-engineering","display_name":"Industrial engineering","score":0.33861303329467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3315623998641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.178253173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.168778657913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1064511239528656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09581547975540161}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6872187256813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6447794437408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.460771769285202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4561578035354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186399060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959962","display_name":"Diagram","level":2,"score":0.44059503078460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.44046103954315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.430294394493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40134841203689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35412439703941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35371488332748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.33861303329467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3315623998641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.178253173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.168778657913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1064511239528656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09581547975540161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3085752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3085752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09446084.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c56dd75bf97d4b8ab922fd7337241aa2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c56dd75bf97d4b8ab922fd7337241aa2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 81986-81999 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3085752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3085752","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09446084.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3166967660.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3166967660.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145712955","https://openalex.org/W162521323","https://openalex.org/W628124882","https://openalex.org/W1488883604","https://openalex.org/W1527023221","https://openalex.org/W1537563486","https://openalex.org/W1840884391","https://openalex.org/W1855633912","https://openalex.org/W1936022305","https://openalex.org/W1979630553","https://openalex.org/W1982005341","https://openalex.org/W1998574110","https://openalex.org/W1998613841","https://openalex.org/W2015729052","https://openalex.org/W2072614412","https://openalex.org/W2078490331","https://openalex.org/W2080717215","https://openalex.org/W2081575303","https://openalex.org/W2097670073","https://openalex.org/W2104236502","https://openalex.org/W2131803443","https://openalex.org/W2138814282","https://openalex.org/W2140964565","https://openalex.org/W2155999688","https://openalex.org/W2158897727","https://openalex.org/W2295255318","https://openalex.org/W2538864011","https://openalex.org/W2550414312","https://openalex.org/W2552562079","https://openalex.org/W2615037519","https://openalex.org/W2789312976","https://openalex.org/W2791536170","https://openalex.org/W2927013924","https://openalex.org/W3135803916","https://openalex.org/W3174096903","https://openalex.org/W4233620411","https://openalex.org/W4253498083","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6605964569","https://openalex.org/W6639055429","https://openalex.org/W6679647865","https://openalex.org/W6683047864","https://openalex.org/W6797498328","https://openalex.org/W7037916284"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2576994247","https://openalex.org/W2608353378","https://openalex.org/W4249206767","https://openalex.org/W2563559453","https://openalex.org/W2382330008","https://openalex.org/W1519970947","https://openalex.org/W4243860260","https://openalex.org/W4383503847","https://openalex.org/W2342695897","https://openalex.org/W2369828856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Early":[0],"software":[1,41,122,150,160],"size":[2,42,123,151,161],"estimation":[3,43,124,162],"is":[4,11,22,33],"a":[5,75,173],"challenging":[6],"task":[7],"since":[8],"limited":[9],"information":[10,47],"available":[12],"at":[13],"the":[14,37,53,57,62,68,136,143,155,167,177,183],"time":[15],"of":[16,30,44,78,100,104,108,113,138,145,157,169,179,185,203],"project":[17],"inception.":[18],"Additional":[19],"information,":[20],"however,":[21],"gradually":[23],"added":[24],"as":[25],"development":[26],"progresses.":[27],"The":[28],"goal":[29],"this":[31,45,87],"research":[32],"to":[34,56,85,134,198],"quantitatively":[35],"capture":[36],"impact":[38],"on":[39],"early":[40,149,159],"additional":[46],"introduced":[48],"especially":[49],"when":[50],"transitioning":[51],"from":[52],"analysis":[54,63],"phase":[55,59],"design":[58,69],"by":[60],"comparing":[61],"class":[64,70,77,95,120],"diagram":[65,71,96],"(ACD)":[66],"and":[67,111,130,165,220],"(DCD).":[72],"We":[73,126],"introduce":[74],"new":[76],"metrics":[79,97,193],"called":[80],"analysis-to-design":[81],"adjustment":[82],"factors":[83],"(ADAFs)":[84],"accomplish":[86],"goal.":[88],"ADAFs":[89,147],"are":[90,206],"calculated":[91],"for":[92],"four":[93],"different":[94,119],"-":[98,116],"number":[99,103,107,112],"classes":[101],"(NOC),":[102],"attributes":[105],"(NOA),":[106],"methods":[109,133],"(NOM),":[110],"relationships":[114],"(NOR)":[115],"used":[117],"in":[118,148,176],"diagram-based":[121],"models.":[125],"use":[127],"practical,":[128],"theoretical,":[129],"empirical":[131],"validation":[132],"evaluate":[135],"applicability":[137],"these":[139,146,180,200,204],"ADAFs.":[140,170,186,201],"To":[141],"assess":[142],"utility":[144],"estimation,":[152],"we":[153],"compare":[154],"accuracy":[156,178],"existing":[158],"models":[163,181,189,205],"before":[164],"after":[166,182],"application":[168,184],"Results":[171],"indicate":[172],"marked":[174],"improvement":[175],"Furthermore,":[187],"regression-based":[188],"employing":[190],"problem":[191],"domain":[192],"have":[194],"also":[195],"been":[196],"built":[197],"predict":[199],"All":[202],"statistically":[207],"significant":[208],"(p-values":[209],"<;":[210],"0.05)":[211],"with":[212],"R":[213],"<sup":[214],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[215],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[216],"values":[217],"between":[218],"0.42":[219],"0.88.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
