{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171419617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3085216","title":"Accelerating Spike-by-Spike Neural Networks on FPGA With Hybrid Custom Floating-Point and Logarithmic Dot-Product Approximation","display_name":"Accelerating Spike-by-Spike Neural Networks on FPGA With Hybrid Custom Floating-Point and Logarithmic Dot-Product Approximation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171419617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3085216","mag":"3171419617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3085216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3085216","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09444398.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09444398.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048315360","display_name":"Yarib Nevarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5319-5356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yarib Nevarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrodynamics and Microelectronics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5319-5356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrodynamics and Microelectronics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042864366","display_name":"David Rotermund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8819-4879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Rotermund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8819-4879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055841597","display_name":"Klaus Pawelzik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3416-6992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus R. Pawelzik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3416-6992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050344559","display_name":"Alberto Garc\u00eda-Ortiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6461-3864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Garcia-Ortiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrodynamics and Microelectronics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6461-3864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrodynamics and Microelectronics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6884,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68433616,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"80603","last_page":"80620"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8349204063415527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-footprint","display_name":"Memory footprint","score":0.7187681198120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6703632473945618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dot-product","display_name":"Dot product","score":0.6098897457122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5170110464096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5167610049247742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4954603910446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point","display_name":"Floating point","score":0.4914940595626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.44500282406806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3707394301891327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3474629521369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27237066626548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.26690930128097534}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8349204063415527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74912251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815727","display_name":"Memory footprint","level":2,"score":0.7187681198120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6703632473945618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32900221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181365","display_name":"Dot product","level":2,"score":0.6098897457122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5170110464096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5167610049247742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4954603910446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84211073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117879","display_name":"Floating point","level":2,"score":0.4914940595626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.44500282406806946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3707394301891327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3474629521369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27237066626548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26690930128097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3085216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3085216","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09444398.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0b7e98afae54a70adb46686eaa52e19","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f0b7e98afae54a70adb46686eaa52e19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 80603-80620 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3085216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3085216","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09444398.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/059ex5q34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171419617.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171419617.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4919037","https://openalex.org/W1512746852","https://openalex.org/W1604973310","https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W1965762557","https://openalex.org/W2008684926","https://openalex.org/W2010069327","https://openalex.org/W2020217519","https://openalex.org/W2030922317","https://openalex.org/W2051137788","https://openalex.org/W2051831389","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2102397476","https://openalex.org/W2104578404","https://openalex.org/W2113592437","https://openalex.org/W2114766824","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2125389748","https://openalex.org/W2142658879","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2157239334","https://openalex.org/W2182678152","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2265166184","https://openalex.org/W2289254158","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2463288820","https://openalex.org/W2464569091","https://openalex.org/W2513068898","https://openalex.org/W2524428287","https://openalex.org/W2533121491","https://openalex.org/W2592389822","https://openalex.org/W2612662066","https://openalex.org/W2707890836","https://openalex.org/W2742240952","https://openalex.org/W2747730547","https://openalex.org/W2768501777","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2798554798","https://openalex.org/W2885510266","https://openalex.org/W2896409484","https://openalex.org/W2904108594","https://openalex.org/W2906048113","https://openalex.org/W2939020224","https://openalex.org/W2939844077","https://openalex.org/W2951569836","https://openalex.org/W2953741403","https://openalex.org/W2962965870","https://openalex.org/W2963060719","https://openalex.org/W2963114950","https://openalex.org/W2963893493","https://openalex.org/W2963966976","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W2974485808","https://openalex.org/W2975103258","https://openalex.org/W2990793844","https://openalex.org/W3035475567","https://openalex.org/W3088206342","https://openalex.org/W3124237980","https://openalex.org/W3141620748","https://openalex.org/W4240268885","https://openalex.org/W6600213771","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6652670974","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6678583879","https://openalex.org/W6696152683","https://openalex.org/W6726275242","https://openalex.org/W6727208969","https://openalex.org/W6739917289","https://openalex.org/W6742248839","https://openalex.org/W6745668070","https://openalex.org/W6755843862","https://openalex.org/W6756831237","https://openalex.org/W6761407805","https://openalex.org/W6779308303"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102729529","https://openalex.org/W2124576060","https://openalex.org/W4289729660","https://openalex.org/W2887023857","https://openalex.org/W2950000202","https://openalex.org/W1544024826","https://openalex.org/W4281636333","https://openalex.org/W4321472478","https://openalex.org/W2588463123","https://openalex.org/W3090071302"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spiking":[0],"neural":[1,10,18,55],"networks":[2,19,30,56],"(SNNs)":[3],"represent":[4],"a":[5,32,36,69,109,117,140],"promising":[6],"alternative":[7],"to":[8,57,61],"conventional":[9],"networks.":[11],"In":[12],"particular,":[13],"the":[14,50],"so-called":[15],"Spike-by-Spike":[16],"(SbS)":[17],"provide":[20],"exceptional":[21],"noise":[22],"robustness":[23],"and":[24,35,60,85,96,116,127],"reduced":[25],"complexity.":[26,64],"However,":[27],"deep":[28],"SbS":[29],"require":[31],"memory":[33,94,130],"footprint":[34],"computational":[37,92,125],"cost":[38],"unsuitable":[39],"for":[40],"embedded":[41],"applications.":[42],"To":[43,103],"address":[44,108],"this":[45,47],"problem,":[46],"work":[48],"exploits":[49],"intrinsic":[51],"error":[52],"resilience":[53],"of":[54,136],"improve":[58],"performance":[59],"reduce":[62],"hardware":[63,72],"More":[65],"precisely,":[66],"we":[67,107],"design":[68,110,122],"vector":[70],"dot-product":[71],"unit":[73],"based":[74],"on":[75,139],"approximate":[76],"computing":[77],"with":[78,132],"configurable":[79],"quality":[80],"using":[81,113],"hybrid":[82],"custom":[83],"floating-point":[84],"logarithmic":[86],"number":[87],"representation.":[88],"This":[89],"approach":[90],"reduces":[91,123],"latency,":[93],"footprint,":[95,131],"power":[97],"dissipation":[98],"while":[99],"preserving":[100],"inference":[101],"accuracy.":[102],"demonstrate":[104],"our":[105],"approach,":[106],"exploration":[111],"flow":[112],"high-level":[114],"synthesis":[115],"Xilinx":[118],"SoC-FPGA.":[119],"The":[120],"proposed":[121],"20.5\u00d7":[124],"latency":[126],"8\u00d7":[128],"weight":[129],"less":[133],"than":[134],"0.5%":[135],"accuracy":[137],"degradation":[138],"handwritten":[141],"digit":[142],"recognition":[143],"task.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}