{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3172855377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3084749","title":"Longevity of Commodity DRAMs in Harsh Environments Through Thermoelectric Cooling","display_name":"Longevity of Commodity DRAMs in Harsh Environments Through Thermoelectric Cooling","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3172855377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3084749","mag":"3172855377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3084749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3084749","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09443103.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09443103.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013706098","display_name":"Deepak M. Mathew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5855-0169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak M. Mathew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5855-0169","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079463481","display_name":"Hammam Kattan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3226-4479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hammam Kattan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair for Embedded Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3226-4479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair for Embedded Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090870819","display_name":"Christian Weis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4152-0200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Weis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4152-0200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063508488","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorg Henkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair for Embedded Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair for Embedded Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059285190","display_name":"Norbert Wehn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9010-086X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norbert Wehn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9010-086X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectronic Systems Design Research Group, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059133190","display_name":"Hussam Amrouch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-3102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussam Amrouch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Semiconductor Test and Reliability, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-3102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Semiconductor Test and Reliability, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1453,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1567},"fwci":0.8576,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6888445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"83950","last_page":"83962"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10440","display_name":"Advanced Thermoelectric Materials and Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10440","display_name":"Advanced Thermoelectric Materials and Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.780738115310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6633704304695129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5340534448623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5091344714164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.4860951900482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.35369935631752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.23724082112312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1686868965625763}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.780738115310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6633704304695129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5340534448623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5091344714164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.4860951900482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.35369935631752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.23724082112312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1686868965625763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3084749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3084749","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09443103.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d56cd327e0574c26a0c37456501f8968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d56cd327e0574c26a0c37456501f8968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 83950-83962 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3084749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3084749","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09443103.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3172855377.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3172855377.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1191365092","https://openalex.org/W1965937629","https://openalex.org/W1969423394","https://openalex.org/W1970426108","https://openalex.org/W2057807751","https://openalex.org/W2060397112","https://openalex.org/W2081304468","https://openalex.org/W2099937714","https://openalex.org/W2104225326","https://openalex.org/W2114260887","https://openalex.org/W2119092821","https://openalex.org/W2147657366","https://openalex.org/W2161264993","https://openalex.org/W2193198328","https://openalex.org/W2588517380","https://openalex.org/W2615085127","https://openalex.org/W2626519144","https://openalex.org/W2742644411","https://openalex.org/W2743242401","https://openalex.org/W2794069979","https://openalex.org/W2799050829","https://openalex.org/W2906802999","https://openalex.org/W2908483391","https://openalex.org/W2981207549","https://openalex.org/W3004383742","https://openalex.org/W3091745343","https://openalex.org/W3123527563","https://openalex.org/W3132769547","https://openalex.org/W3133882587","https://openalex.org/W4247676706","https://openalex.org/W4252777175","https://openalex.org/W6789188360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385624297","https://openalex.org/W1526521547","https://openalex.org/W3180981818","https://openalex.org/W2033512842","https://openalex.org/W2007388836","https://openalex.org/W4247881240","https://openalex.org/W4322734194","https://openalex.org/W2403824868","https://openalex.org/W4233600955","https://openalex.org/W4388023871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"more":[1,3],"and":[2,84,105,140,222],"commodity":[4,76,98,161,175,244,262],"hardware":[5],"devices":[6],"are":[7,65,78],"used":[8],"in":[9,18,30,73,163,178,246,301],"safety-critical":[10,179],"applications,":[11],"such":[12,34,165,217],"as":[13,35,61,100,166],"advanced":[14],"driver":[15],"assistance":[16],"systems":[17,54],"automotive.":[19,167],"These":[20,75],"applications":[21,57,180,254],"demand":[22],"very":[23,90],"high":[24,36,50,87,91],"reliability":[25,40,106],"of":[26,41,55,174,216,231,241,286,304],"electronic":[27],"components":[28,43],"even":[29],"adverse":[31,229],"environmental":[32],"conditions,":[33],"temperatures.":[37,51],"Ensuring":[38],"the":[39,101,110,124,129,137,141,152,172,183,202,213,220,224,228,233,239,258,278,283,296,302],"microelectronic":[42],"is":[44,197,290],"a":[45,155,187,199],"major":[46],"challenge":[47,96],"at":[48,223],"these":[49,56,147],"The":[52],"computing":[53],"rely":[58],"on":[59,243,261],"DRAMs":[60,77,99,162,177,245],"working":[62],"memory,":[63],"which":[64],"built":[66],"upon":[67],"bit":[68,83],"cells":[69],"that":[70,271,277,282,295],"store":[71],"charges":[72],"capacitors.":[74],"optimized":[79],"for":[80,86,97,151,160],"cost":[81],"per":[82],"not":[85],"reliability.":[88],"Thus,":[89,210],"temperatures":[92,121],"impose":[93],"an":[94],"enormous":[95],"data":[102,111,260],"retention":[103,130],"time":[104,131,154],"decrease":[107],"largely,":[108],"affecting":[109],"correctness.":[112],"Data":[113],"correctness":[114],"can":[115,191],"be":[116],"ensured":[117],"up":[118,256],"to":[119,127,186,201],"certain":[120],"by":[122,181,257],"increasing":[123,232],"refresh":[125,234],"rate":[126],"counterbalance":[128],"reduction.":[132],"However,":[133],"this":[134],"severely":[135],"degrades":[136],"access":[138],"latencies":[139],"usable":[142],"DRAM":[143,203,288],"bandwidth.":[144],"To":[145,236],"overcome":[146],"limitations,":[148],"we":[149,248],"present":[150],"first":[153],"Thermoelectric":[156],"Cooling":[157],"(TEC)":[158],"solution":[159,170,196],"harsh-environments,":[164,247],"Our":[168,264],"TEC":[169,195,242,306],"enables":[171],"use":[173],"off-the-shelf":[176],"reducing":[182],"temperature":[184,285,299],"conditions":[185],"range":[188],"where":[189],"they":[190],"operate":[192],"reliably.":[193],"This":[194],"applied":[198],"posteriori":[200],"chips":[204,289],"without":[205],"using":[206,267],"high-cost":[207],"package":[208],"solutions.":[209],"it":[211],"maintains":[212],"low-cost":[214],"targets":[215],"devices,":[218],"improves":[219],"reliability,":[221],"same":[225],"time,":[226],"counterbalances":[227],"effects":[230],"rate.":[235],"quantitatively":[237],"evaluate":[238],"benefits":[240],"performed":[249],"system-level":[250],"evaluations":[251],"with":[252],"several":[253],"backed":[255],"measured":[259],"DRAMs.":[263],"experimental":[265],"results,":[266],"accurate":[268],"multi-physics":[269],"simulations":[270],"employ":[272],"finite":[273],"element":[274],"method,":[275],"demonstrate":[276],"TEC-based":[279],"cooling":[280],"ensures":[281],"maximum":[284],"all":[287],"always":[291],"below":[292],"85\u00b0C":[293],"despite":[294],"original":[297],"on-chip":[298],"(i.e.,":[300],"absence":[303],"our":[305],"based":[307],"cooling)":[308],"goes":[309],"beyond":[310],"120\u00b0C.":[311]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
