{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169411694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3084689","title":"An Energy-Efficient Fine-Grained Deep Neural Network Partitioning Scheme for Wireless Collaborative Fog Computing","display_name":"An Energy-Efficient Fine-Grained Deep Neural Network Partitioning Scheme for Wireless Collaborative Fog Computing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169411694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3084689","mag":"3169411694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3084689","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3084689","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09443181.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09443181.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066065856","display_name":"Emre Kilcioglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-0411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Kilcioglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTEAM/ELEN, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-0411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTEAM/ELEN, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044703661","display_name":"Hamed Mirghasemi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6166-1249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Mirghasemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTEAM/ELEN, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6166-1249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTEAM/ELEN, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110781089","display_name":"Ivan Stupia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Stupia","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTEAM/ELEN, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTEAM/ELEN, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000909128","display_name":"Luc Vandendorpe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-8848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Vandendorpe","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTEAM/ELEN, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4958-8848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTEAM/ELEN, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.0353,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91497946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"79611","last_page":"79627"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8469033241271973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.789397656917572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.7251327037811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6617512702941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6218345165252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5749667882919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.5585247278213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5152469277381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.47419482469558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4386306703090668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2768537402153015}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8469033241271973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.789397656917572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.7251327037811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6617512702941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6218345165252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5749667882919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5585247278213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5152469277381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.47419482469558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4386306703090668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2768537402153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3084689","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3084689","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09443181.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:252724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/252724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401974","display_name":"DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol. 9, no.1, p. 79611-79627 (2021)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:254123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/254123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401902","display_name":"Digital Access to Libraries (Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Universit\u00e9 de Namur (UNamur) and the Universit\u00e9 Saint-Louis (USL-B))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","host_organization_name":"UCLouvain","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"I E E E Access, Vol. 9, p. 79611-79627 (2021)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:48218f27e9cb4882813220ebc4f31437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/48218f27e9cb4882813220ebc4f31437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 79611-79627 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3084689","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3084689","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09443181.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1007325403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30452698","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","funder_display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","ror":"https://ror.org/03q83t159"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169411694.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169411694.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001027366","https://openalex.org/W2104237724","https://openalex.org/W2154126105","https://openalex.org/W2162986857","https://openalex.org/W2169326429","https://openalex.org/W2416799949","https://openalex.org/W2472333518","https://openalex.org/W2547727199","https://openalex.org/W2561715741","https://openalex.org/W2587770880","https://openalex.org/W2594560857","https://openalex.org/W2603810864","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2605258629","https://openalex.org/W2612193523","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2753328985","https://openalex.org/W2771329008","https://openalex.org/W2777180355","https://openalex.org/W2798544842","https://openalex.org/W2890278565","https://openalex.org/W2896180420","https://openalex.org/W2896922904","https://openalex.org/W2914899603","https://openalex.org/W2916252768","https://openalex.org/W2920031528","https://openalex.org/W2950865323","https://openalex.org/W2960833983","https://openalex.org/W2962814013","https://openalex.org/W2962883027","https://openalex.org/W2962883549","https://openalex.org/W2963644017","https://openalex.org/W2979596121","https://openalex.org/W2979679572","https://openalex.org/W2980856918","https://openalex.org/W2981114133","https://openalex.org/W3005276590","https://openalex.org/W3011134162","https://openalex.org/W3030218575","https://openalex.org/W3041971333","https://openalex.org/W3045259134","https://openalex.org/W3045977718","https://openalex.org/W3047565185","https://openalex.org/W3093666986","https://openalex.org/W3098486933","https://openalex.org/W3106445841","https://openalex.org/W3110777925","https://openalex.org/W3117065193","https://openalex.org/W3177568949","https://openalex.org/W4236099117","https://openalex.org/W4249516033","https://openalex.org/W6748019619","https://openalex.org/W6784346871","https://openalex.org/W6787447622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W4225987626","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W2902693277","https://openalex.org/W4378977105","https://openalex.org/W4406207611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fog":[0],"computing":[1,51,69,95,118],"is":[2,131,148,161,231,248],"a":[3,92,215,249],"potential":[4],"solution":[5],"for":[6,83,114,233],"heterogeneous":[7],"resource-constrained":[8,72],"mobile":[9,49],"devices":[10,73,152,236],"to":[11,31,37,47,60,86,153,163,223,253],"collaboratively":[12],"operate":[13],"deep":[14,55,98],"learning-driven":[15],"applications":[16,30,89],"at":[17],"the":[18,21,26,32,38,48,61,68,76,81,128,141,165,169,173,177,185,195,207,210,219,224,228,238],"edge":[19],"of":[20,24,28,67,71,144,168,172,187],"networks,":[22],"instead":[23],"offloading":[25],"computations":[27],"these":[29],"powerful":[33,62,84],"cloud":[34,50,63],"servers":[35,85],"thanks":[36],"latency":[39],"reduction,":[40],"decentralized":[41],"structure,":[42],"and":[43,79,137,179,191,198,240],"privacy":[44],"concerns.":[45],"Compared":[46],"concept":[52],"where":[53,127,140,227],"computation-intensive":[54],"learning":[56],"operations":[57],"are":[58,243],"offloaded":[59],"servers,":[64],"making":[65],"use":[66],"capabilities":[70],"can":[74,203],"improve":[75],"delay":[77],"performance":[78],"lessen":[80],"need":[82],"execute":[87],"such":[88],"by":[90,135,175,193],"considering":[91],"collaborative":[93,116,170],"fog":[94,117],"scenario":[96,226],"with":[97],"neural":[99],"network":[100],"(DNN)":[101],"partitioning.":[102],"In":[103],"this":[104],"paper,":[105],"we":[106],"propose":[107],"an":[108],"energy-efficient":[109],"fine-grained":[110],"DNN":[111,129],"partitioning":[112,126,139],"scheme":[113,122,213],"wireless":[115],"systems.":[119],"The":[120],"proposed":[121,211],"includes":[123],"both":[124],"layer-based":[125],"model":[130],"divided":[132],"into":[133],"layer":[134,136,146],"horizontal":[138],"input":[142],"data":[143],"each":[145,188],"operation":[147],"partitioned":[149],"among":[150],"multiple":[151],"encourage":[154],"parallel":[155],"computing.":[156],"A":[157],"convex":[158],"optimization":[159],"problem":[160],"formulated":[162],"minimize":[164],"energy":[166,220],"consumption":[167,221],"part":[171],"system":[174],"optimizing":[176],"communication":[178,239],"computation":[180,241],"parameters":[181,242],"as":[182,184],"well":[183],"workload":[186,229],"participating":[189,235],"device":[190],"solved":[192],"using":[194],"primal-dual":[196],"decomposition":[197],"Lagrange":[199],"duality":[200],"theory.":[201],"As":[202],"be":[204,254],"observed":[205],"in":[206,218],"simulation":[208],"results,":[209],"optimized":[212],"makes":[214],"notable":[216],"difference":[217],"compared":[222],"non-optimized":[225],"distribution":[230],"equal":[232],"all":[234],"but":[237],"still":[244],"optimized,":[245],"so":[246],"it":[247],"quite":[250],"challenging":[251],"bound":[252],"compared.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
