{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3161034877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3081792","title":"Improved Twofish Algorithm: A Digital Image Enciphering Application","display_name":"Improved Twofish Algorithm: A Digital Image Enciphering Application","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3161034877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3081792","mag":"3161034877"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3081792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3081792","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09435417.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09435417.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007811907","display_name":"Tanveer ul Haq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0417-019X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tanveer Ul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059990662","display_name":"Tariq Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-1638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079480825","display_name":"Ghazanfar Farooq Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-3287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghazanfar Farooq Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319179","display_name":"Muhammad Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-6821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zafar Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047918826","display_name":"Ibrahim A. Hameed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1252-260X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim A. Hameed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, &#x00C5;lesund, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, &#x00C5;lesund, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063907823","display_name":"Huma Jamil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1097-4821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huma Jamil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007811907"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.845,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87354353,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"76518","last_page":"76530"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6871020793914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6745163202285767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6544734239578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.546809732913971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3570629358291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1355619728565216}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6871020793914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6745163202285767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6544734239578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.546809732913971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3570629358291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1355619728565216}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3081792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3081792","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09435417.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d878ee79b6114ea2ae65968ece1fe1e3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d878ee79b6114ea2ae65968ece1fe1e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 76518-76530 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/3045252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3045252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"76518-76530","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3081792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3081792","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09435417.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3161034877.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3161034877.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135474498","https://openalex.org/W1534487234","https://openalex.org/W1670558497","https://openalex.org/W1963805401","https://openalex.org/W2074886859","https://openalex.org/W2091221194","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2121709560","https://openalex.org/W2180755808","https://openalex.org/W2518307365","https://openalex.org/W2808224912","https://openalex.org/W2942597066","https://openalex.org/W2944501814","https://openalex.org/W2944785541","https://openalex.org/W2953670120","https://openalex.org/W2969137798","https://openalex.org/W2987515729","https://openalex.org/W2999423919","https://openalex.org/W3005779010","https://openalex.org/W3009188349","https://openalex.org/W3010917097","https://openalex.org/W3019021895","https://openalex.org/W3028957377","https://openalex.org/W3069910143","https://openalex.org/W3091624343","https://openalex.org/W6631967174","https://openalex.org/W6637353479","https://openalex.org/W6764431122"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2977762426","https://openalex.org/W1806182398","https://openalex.org/W3093954335","https://openalex.org/W4205482204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,5,27,40,44,53,95,109,113,120,124,128,134,137,158,163,171,190,198],"growth":[2],"of":[3,7,26,70,72,97,112,130,136,148,157],"networks,":[4],"Internet":[6],"Things":[8],"(IoT)":[9],"and":[10,18,43,126,152,168,181],"new":[11],"cyber":[12],"attacks":[13],"pose":[14],"threats":[15],"to":[16,162],"privacy":[17],"security,":[19],"secure":[20],"communication":[21],"is":[22,58,116,160,175,201],"therefore":[23],"becoming":[24],"one":[25],"most":[28],"crucial":[29],"concerns.":[30],"For":[31,178],"this":[32,51],"purpose,":[33],"symmetric":[34],"algorithms":[35],"namel;":[36],"The":[37,154,194],"Rijndael":[38],"algorithm,":[39,42,139],"Serpent":[41],"TWOFISH":[45,54,165],"algorithm":[46,174,200],"pay":[47],"equal":[48],"attention.":[49],"In":[50],"paper,":[52],"algorithm's":[55,166],"mathematical":[56],"complexity":[57,111],"improved":[59],"by":[60,118],"using":[61],"substitution":[62],"boxes":[63],"(S-boxes)":[64],"drawn":[65],"from":[66],"a":[67,104,146,202],"multiplicative":[68],"group":[69],"units":[71],"chain":[73],"ring":[74],"\u03a3":[75],"<sub":[76,87],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[77,80,84,88],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">i=0</sub>":[78],"<sup":[79,83],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">7</sup>":[81],"u":[82],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">i</sup>":[85],"F":[86],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[89],".":[90],"As":[91],"these":[92],"S-boxes":[93],"have":[94],"property":[96],"having":[98],"copious":[99],"generators,":[100],"they,":[101],"therefore,":[102],"produce":[103],"rich":[105],"algebraic":[106],"complexity.":[107],"Moreover,":[108],"time":[110],"proposed":[114,138,199],"work":[115],"modified":[117],"processing":[119],"64-bit":[121],"block":[122],"throughout":[123],"process":[125],"reducing":[127],"number":[129],"subkeys.":[131],"To":[132],"measure":[133],"strength":[135],"various":[140,184],"standard":[141,164,191],"color":[142],"digital":[143,206],"images,":[144],"with":[145],"size":[147],"256\u00d7256,":[149],"are":[150,187],"encrypted":[151,192],"tested.":[153],"computation":[155],"speed":[156,167],"encryption":[159],"compared":[161],"found":[169],"that":[170,197],"newly":[172],"designed":[173],"quite":[176],"fast.":[177],"security":[179],"analysis":[180],"quality":[182],"assessment,":[183],"statistical":[185],"tests":[186],"performed":[188],"on":[189],"images.":[193],"results":[195],"recommend":[196],"strong":[203],"candidate":[204],"for":[205],"image":[207],"encryption.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}