{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163764851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3081680","title":"A Joint Optimization Model for Energy and Reserve Capacity Scheduling With the Integration of Variable Energy Resources","display_name":"A Joint Optimization Model for Energy and Reserve Capacity Scheduling With the Integration of Variable Energy Resources","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163764851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3081680","mag":"3163764851"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3081680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3081680","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09435336.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09435336.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025901628","display_name":"Muhammad Wajahat Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1122-3344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Wajahat Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Systems, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Systems, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017084054","display_name":"Thamer\u200e Alquthami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thamer Alquthami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3686-0817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046079618","display_name":"Ahmad H. Milyani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1926-9486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad H. Milyani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1926-9486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024265146","display_name":"Ashfaq Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7429-6890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashfaq Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Systems, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7429-6890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Systems, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020213187","display_name":"Muhammad Babar Rasheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9911-0693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Babar Rasheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Systems, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain","The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9911-0693","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Systems, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025901628"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04362749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"75252","last_page":"75264"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.697813868522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.6642857789993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5388412475585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.490517795085907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4879145324230194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.4818516969680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.4604317545890808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backup","display_name":"Backup","score":0.4377744495868683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.4235069453716278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.24591100215911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18009862303733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.16143161058425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12182530760765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11097455024719238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.697813868522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.6642857789993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5388412475585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.490517795085907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4879145324230194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4818516969680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.4604317545890808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.4377744495868683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4235069453716278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.24591100215911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18009862303733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.16143161058425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12182530760765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11097455024719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3081680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3081680","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09435336.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5711e13a74ec4f15839b0ad8a2a4e80e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5711e13a74ec4f15839b0ad8a2a4e80e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 75252-75264 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3081680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3081680","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09435336.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3806185874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"754382","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G675408833","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG-13-135-41","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","funder_display_name":"King Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3163764851.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3163764851.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W589766567","https://openalex.org/W1971944992","https://openalex.org/W1974673245","https://openalex.org/W1977209346","https://openalex.org/W2032161710","https://openalex.org/W2040697333","https://openalex.org/W2057111548","https://openalex.org/W2068060907","https://openalex.org/W2125274161","https://openalex.org/W2130019472","https://openalex.org/W2133175251","https://openalex.org/W2144631242","https://openalex.org/W2171655468","https://openalex.org/W2472763926","https://openalex.org/W2488017521","https://openalex.org/W2569475032","https://openalex.org/W2601171548","https://openalex.org/W2611645141","https://openalex.org/W2748746076","https://openalex.org/W2761364943","https://openalex.org/W2778083818","https://openalex.org/W2781887058","https://openalex.org/W2796426818","https://openalex.org/W2799629747","https://openalex.org/W2890287598","https://openalex.org/W2893915728","https://openalex.org/W2897291692","https://openalex.org/W2902164008","https://openalex.org/W2907286062","https://openalex.org/W2912812282","https://openalex.org/W2944826977","https://openalex.org/W2946493026","https://openalex.org/W2946696516","https://openalex.org/W2952297067","https://openalex.org/W2953298451","https://openalex.org/W2962879353","https://openalex.org/W2976249449","https://openalex.org/W2998046440","https://openalex.org/W2999305422","https://openalex.org/W3006903720","https://openalex.org/W3044162788","https://openalex.org/W3085512567","https://openalex.org/W3112460628","https://openalex.org/W3116200246","https://openalex.org/W3119965711","https://openalex.org/W6678551690","https://openalex.org/W6788023470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2955195711","https://openalex.org/W2354454611","https://openalex.org/W2993266126","https://openalex.org/W2392283887","https://openalex.org/W2351388597","https://openalex.org/W2939925694","https://openalex.org/W2829881200","https://openalex.org/W4241986464","https://openalex.org/W2184647741","https://openalex.org/W1985525502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,111],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,9,20,71,119,217],"two-stage":[4],"approach":[5],"is":[6,68,93,116,133,172,185],"proposed":[7,170,196],"on":[8,46,174],"joint":[10,85],"dispatch":[11,25,86],"of":[12,26,87,98,129,144,163,165],"thermal":[13,145],"power":[14,150,214],"generation":[15,114,138,221],"and":[16,49,89,100,179,216],"variable":[17],"resources":[18,32],"including":[19],"storage":[21,102,158,167],"system.":[22,168],"Although,":[23],"the":[24,38,47,56,65,78,84,96,107,113,127,147,155,161,166,175,189,195,204,220],"alternate":[27],"energy":[28,61,88,130,157],"along":[29,202],"with":[30,59,95,118,203],"conventional":[31],"has":[33,199],"become":[34],"increasingly":[35],"important":[36],"in":[37,154,213],"new":[39],"utility":[40],"environment.":[41],"However,":[42],"recent":[43],"studies":[44],"based":[45],"uncertainty":[48],"worst-case":[50,208],"scenario-oriented":[51],"robust":[52],"optimization":[53,182],"methodology":[54],"reveal":[55],"perplexities":[57],"associated":[58],"renewable":[60],"sources":[62],"(RES).":[63],"First,":[64],"load":[66,109,123],"demand":[67,131,215],"predicted":[69,108],"through":[70],"convolutional":[72],"neural":[73],"network":[74],"(CNN)":[75],"by":[76],"taking":[77],"ISO-NECA":[79],"hourly":[80],"real-time":[81],"data.":[82],"Then,":[83],"spinning":[90],"reserve":[91],"capacity":[92],"performed":[94],"integration":[97],"RES":[99],"battery":[101],"system":[103,115,159,178,197],"(BSS)":[104],"to":[105,137,142,187],"satisfy":[106],"demand.":[110],"addition,":[112],"penalized":[117],"cost":[120,190],"factor":[121],"against":[122],"not":[124,134],"served":[125],"for":[126],"amount":[128],"which":[132],"fulfilled":[135],"due":[136,141],"constraints.":[139],"Meanwhile,":[140],"ramping":[143],"units,":[146],"available":[148],"surplus":[149],"will":[151],"be":[152],"stored":[153],"backup":[156],"considering":[160],"state":[162],"charge":[164],"The":[169],"method":[171],"applied":[173],"IEEE-standard":[176],"6-Bus":[177],"particle":[180],"swarm":[181],"(PSO)":[183],"algorithm":[184],"used":[186],"solve":[188],"minimization":[191],"objective":[192],"function.":[193],"Finally,":[194],"performance":[198],"been":[200],"verified":[201],"reliability":[205],"during":[206],"two":[207],"scenarios,":[209],"i.e.,":[210],"sudden":[211],"drop":[212],"short-fall":[218],"at":[219],"end.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-11T08:15:01.531666","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
