{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3160859876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3078431","title":"Multi-Group ObScure Logging (MG-OSLo) A Privacy-Preserving Protocol for Private Web Search","display_name":"Multi-Group ObScure Logging (MG-OSLo) A Privacy-Preserving Protocol for Private Web Search","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3160859876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3078431","mag":"3160859876"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3078431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3078431","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09426894.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09426894.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011680661","display_name":"Mohib Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-8826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I246743127","display_name":"The University of Agriculture, Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02sp3q482","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088086","display_name":"Capital University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/004776246","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohib Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-8826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026437230","display_name":"Rafiullah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-7747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I246743127","display_name":"The University of Agriculture, Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02sp3q482","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088086","display_name":"Capital University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/004776246","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafiullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0229-7747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246743127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061274383","display_name":"Muhammad Inam Ul Haq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-8318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387156092","display_name":"Khushal Khan Khattak University Karak","ror":"https://ror.org/006knb923","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387156092"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Inam Ul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387156092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036425195","display_name":"Atif Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3628-0262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206573129","display_name":"Islamia College University","ror":"https://ror.org/02p2c1595","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206573129"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atif Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3628-0262","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206573129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037817322","display_name":"Wael Alosaimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6940-9483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wael Alosaimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6940-9483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047672519","display_name":"M. Irfan Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-3881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178777954","display_name":"Kohat University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/057d2v504","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Irfan Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1355-3881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178777954"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010706593","display_name":"Abdullah Alharbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8617-1430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Alharbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011680661"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I246743127","https://openalex.org/I4210088086"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3993,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84726203,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"79005","last_page":"79020"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7937499284744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.585487961769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5307640433311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-information-retrieval","display_name":"Private information retrieval","score":0.5118781328201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5054812431335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5022134780883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4809971749782562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-software","display_name":"Privacy software","score":0.48053842782974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.45788872241973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.43374931812286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.3965619206428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.36530742049217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28672653436660767}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7937499284744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.585487961769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5307640433311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.5118781328201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5054812431335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5022134780883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4809971749782562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509729295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246032","display_name":"Privacy software","level":3,"score":0.48053842782974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.45788872241973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.43374931812286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.3965619206428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.36530742049217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28672653436660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3078431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3078431","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09426894.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:95011d9a27d2450f89f90e86a7b504b3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/95011d9a27d2450f89f90e86a7b504b3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 79005-79020 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3078431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3078431","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09426894.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1215795443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020/231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G304199421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project number (TURSP-2020/231), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7299194679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160859876.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160859876.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559067492","https://openalex.org/W1574901103","https://openalex.org/W1800745661","https://openalex.org/W1966388734","https://openalex.org/W1967415749","https://openalex.org/W1967551653","https://openalex.org/W1971509084","https://openalex.org/W1976525506","https://openalex.org/W1978884755","https://openalex.org/W1994311880","https://openalex.org/W2013023581","https://openalex.org/W2033042133","https://openalex.org/W2033887734","https://openalex.org/W2076303211","https://openalex.org/W2130211373","https://openalex.org/W2133835346","https://openalex.org/W2134506494","https://openalex.org/W2140046536","https://openalex.org/W2342475320","https://openalex.org/W2571258182","https://openalex.org/W2575975883","https://openalex.org/W2587679516","https://openalex.org/W2592895114","https://openalex.org/W2730315051","https://openalex.org/W2914288063","https://openalex.org/W2947111839","https://openalex.org/W2947542900","https://openalex.org/W2998724065","https://openalex.org/W3009294874","https://openalex.org/W3017288631","https://openalex.org/W3018597157","https://openalex.org/W3022446122","https://openalex.org/W3035292065","https://openalex.org/W3043787166","https://openalex.org/W3098594782","https://openalex.org/W6658715651","https://openalex.org/W6731995190","https://openalex.org/W6776688793"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971759740","https://openalex.org/W4386185127","https://openalex.org/W2533706070","https://openalex.org/W2547916646","https://openalex.org/W2184474188","https://openalex.org/W3094024929","https://openalex.org/W3022375131","https://openalex.org/W2250434327","https://openalex.org/W2066869521","https://openalex.org/W2105258824"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,70,85,97,147,170,189,236,253],"Web":[1],"Search":[2],"Engine":[3],"(WSE)":[4],"is":[5,103,241],"a":[6,50,80,124,139,157,198,273],"software":[7],"system":[8],"used":[9,131],"to":[10,23,58,104,132,159,186,210,264],"retrieve":[11],"data":[12],"from":[13],"the":[14,19,25,41,44,60,88,91,94,115,134,153,160,164,172,178,180,184,187,193,212,216,244,257,270],"web":[15,67],"successfully.":[16],"WSE":[17],"uses":[18],"user's":[20,26,95,125],"search":[21,33,68],"queries":[22,34],"build":[24],"profile":[27,109,190,194,213,281],"and":[28,56,108,120,143,167,230,250,267,279],"provide":[29],"personalized":[30],"results.":[31],"Users'":[32],"hold":[35],"identifiable":[36],"information":[37],"that":[38,152,256],"could":[39],"compromise":[40],"privacy":[42,107,149,191,199,214,237,278],"of":[43,83,90,100,117,155,182,215,218],"respective":[45],"user.":[46,188],"This":[47],"work":[48,102],"proposes":[49],"multi-group":[51,92,271],"distributed":[52,62],"privacy-preserving":[53,63,246],"protocol":[54,247],"(MG-OSLo)":[55],"tries":[57],"investigate":[59],"state-of-the-art":[61],"protocols":[64],"for":[65,223],"computing":[66],"privacy.":[69,96,110,126,282],"MG-OSLo":[71,86,240,258],"comprises":[72],"multiple":[73],"groups":[74],"in":[75,136],"which":[76],"each":[77],"group":[78,118,121,133,141,145,165,168,173,176],"has":[79,272],"fixed":[81],"number":[82],"users.":[84],"measures":[87],"impact":[89,116,275],"on":[93,123,163,276],"primary":[98],"objective":[99],"this":[101],"assess":[105],"local":[106,148,277],"It":[111],"aims":[112],"at":[113],"evaluating":[114],"size":[119,166,174],"count":[122],"Two":[127],"grouping":[128],"approaches":[129],"are":[130],"users":[135],"MG-OSLo,":[137],"i.e.":[138],"non-overlapping":[140],"design":[142],"overlapping":[144],"design.":[146],"results":[150,254,261],"reveal":[151],"probability":[154],"linking":[156],"query":[158,185,221],"user":[161,280],"depends":[162],"count.":[169],"higher":[171],"or":[175],"count,":[177],"lower":[179],"likelihood":[181],"relating":[183],"computes":[192],"obfuscation":[195],"level":[196],"using":[197],"metric":[200],"Profile":[201],"Exposure":[202],"Level":[203],"(PEL).":[204],"Different":[205],"experiments":[206],"have":[207],"been":[208],"performed":[209],"compute":[211],"subset":[217],"an":[219],"AOL":[220],"log":[222],"two":[224],"situations:":[225],"i)":[226],"self-query":[227,232],"submissions":[228,233],"allowed":[229],"ii)":[231],"not":[234],"allowed.":[235],"achieved":[238],"by":[239],"compared":[242,263],"with":[243],"modern":[245],"UUP(e),":[248],"OSLo,":[249,265],"Co-utile":[251],"protocols.":[252],"show":[255],"provided":[259],"better":[260],"as":[262],"UUP,":[266],"Co-utile.":[268],"Similarly,":[269],"positive":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}