{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158904099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3077977","title":"Metis: An Integrated Morphing Engine CPU to Protect Against Side Channel Attacks","display_name":"Metis: An Integrated Morphing Engine CPU to Protect Against Side Channel Attacks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158904099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3077977","mag":"3158904099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3077977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3077977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3077977","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021884192","display_name":"Francesco Antognazza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-486X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Antognazza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-486X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061596244","display_name":"Alessandro Barenghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-6358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Barenghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-6358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059940813","display_name":"Gerardo Pelosi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3812-5429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerardo Pelosi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3812-5429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.6824,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7459399,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"69210","last_page":"69225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7409153580665588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metis","display_name":"Metis","score":0.6459375619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6328659653663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphing","display_name":"Morphing","score":0.5237733721733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.44989320635795593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3871663808822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3405875563621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3344612121582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.23143574595451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20305782556533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.1366744041442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1192483901977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.10504049062728882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7409153580665588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780705272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19903554","display_name":"Metis","level":2,"score":0.6459375619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6328659653663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.5237733721733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.44989320635795593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3871663808822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3405875563621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3344612121582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.23143574595451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20305782556533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.1366744041442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1192483901977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.10504049062728882}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3077977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3077977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1178088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9424552","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1178088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ede50e77365e484f8a94396c69c9357d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ede50e77365e484f8a94396c69c9357d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 69210-69225 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3077977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3077977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W249674870","https://openalex.org/W1472434837","https://openalex.org/W1487461673","https://openalex.org/W1495989020","https://openalex.org/W1503689022","https://openalex.org/W1562542037","https://openalex.org/W1580550895","https://openalex.org/W1592625985","https://openalex.org/W1752847028","https://openalex.org/W2008071701","https://openalex.org/W2014227559","https://openalex.org/W2055303876","https://openalex.org/W2073524356","https://openalex.org/W2085047356","https://openalex.org/W2116207513","https://openalex.org/W2126598527","https://openalex.org/W2145380590","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2159249822","https://openalex.org/W2161740631","https://openalex.org/W2219132820","https://openalex.org/W2294868896","https://openalex.org/W2397246570","https://openalex.org/W2519252889","https://openalex.org/W2531967906","https://openalex.org/W2604388769","https://openalex.org/W2604725724","https://openalex.org/W2686848947","https://openalex.org/W2808967308","https://openalex.org/W2883613460","https://openalex.org/W2884342144","https://openalex.org/W2901397262","https://openalex.org/W2905160988","https://openalex.org/W2912147118","https://openalex.org/W2914572864","https://openalex.org/W2935085295","https://openalex.org/W2941024097","https://openalex.org/W2951084996","https://openalex.org/W2955527123","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W2988144595","https://openalex.org/W2989659803","https://openalex.org/W3033754679","https://openalex.org/W3105103435","https://openalex.org/W3110984563","https://openalex.org/W3116079126","https://openalex.org/W6753443810","https://openalex.org/W6759495720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2802231781","https://openalex.org/W2617272570","https://openalex.org/W2599308209","https://openalex.org/W228884174","https://openalex.org/W2200910024","https://openalex.org/W2286337214","https://openalex.org/W2088334848","https://openalex.org/W3212194619","https://openalex.org/W1990953108","https://openalex.org/W2338824741"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Power":[0],"consumption":[1,138],"and":[2,69],"electromagnetic":[3,70],"emissions":[4,71],"analyses":[5],"are":[6,26],"well":[7],"established":[8],"attack":[9,165],"avenues":[10],"for":[11,87],"secret":[12],"values":[13],"extraction":[14],"in":[15,37,172],"a":[16,46,50,63,102,127,162,215],"large":[17],"range":[18],"of":[19,60,101,150,168,186],"embedded":[20],"devices.":[21],"Countermeasures":[22],"against":[23,67],"these":[24],"attacks":[25],"approached":[27],"at":[28,169],"different":[29],"levels,":[30],"from":[31],"modified":[32],"logic":[33],"styles,":[34],"to":[35,49,80,91,108,112,154,178,210,214],"changes":[36],"the":[38,54,78,85,92,135,144,155,173,179,184,192,200,204],"software":[39,89,218],"implementations.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"work,":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"microarchitectural":[47],"modification":[48,90],"compact":[51],"RISC-V":[52],"SoC,":[53],"OpenTitan":[55,157],"open":[56],"source":[57],"silicon":[58],"root":[59],"trust,":[61],"providing":[62],"code":[64],"morphing":[65,103,132,217],"countermeasure":[66,79],"power":[68],"side":[72,163],"channel":[73,164],"attacks.":[74],"Our":[75,98,130,159],"approach":[76,118],"allows":[77,106],"be":[81],"applied":[82],"transparently,":[83],"without":[84],"need":[86],"any":[88],"cryptographic":[93],"primitive":[94],"running":[95],"on":[96,121,126,190],"OpenTitan.":[97],"microarchitecture":[99],"integration":[100],"engine":[104,133],"also":[105],"us":[107],"provide":[109],"transparent":[110],"protection":[111],"memory":[113],"operations.":[114],"We":[115,182],"validate":[116],"our":[117,187],"through":[119],"measurements":[120],"an":[122,148],"actual":[123],"FPGA":[124,136],"prototype":[125],"Xilinx":[128],"Artix-7.":[129],"integrated":[131],"increases":[134],"resource":[137],"by":[139,147,208],"less":[140],"than":[141],"8%,":[142],"plus":[143],"resources":[145],"required":[146],"RNG":[149],"choice,":[151],"with":[152,176,212],"respect":[153,177,213],"original":[156],"SoC.":[158],"design":[160],"shows":[161],"resistance":[166],"improvement":[167],"least":[170],"250\u00d7":[171],"Measurements-To-Disclose":[174],"metric":[175],"unprotected":[180],"design.":[181],"benchmark":[183],"performance":[185],"proposed":[188],"architecture":[189],"all":[191],"ISO/IEC":[193],"standard":[194],"symmetric":[195],"block":[196],"ciphers,":[197],"including,":[198],"among":[199],"other":[201],"AES,":[202],"reducing":[203],"execution":[205],"time":[206],"overhead":[207],"21\u00d7":[209],"141\u00d7":[211],"continuously":[216],"solution.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
