{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3161383875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3076892","title":"Universal Statistics of Redistribution Factors and Large Scale Cascades in Power Grids","display_name":"Universal Statistics of Redistribution Factors and Large Scale Cascades in Power Grids","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3161383875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3076892","mag":"3161383875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3076892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3076892","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09420052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09420052.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019361765","display_name":"Franz Kaiser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-2249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Kaiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research\u2013Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), J\u00fclich, Germany","Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, K\u00f6ln, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-2249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research\u2013Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, K\u00f6ln, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082560876","display_name":"Dirk Witthaut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-5341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171892758","display_name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich","ror":"https://ror.org/02nv7yv05","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Witthaut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research\u2013Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), J\u00fclich, Germany","Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, K\u00f6ln, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-5341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, Institute for Energy and Climate Research\u2013Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEK-STE), J\u00fclich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171892758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, K\u00f6ln, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.2564,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51906391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"67364","last_page":"67378"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11152","display_name":"Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2610","display_name":"Mathematical Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.8531978130340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redistribution","display_name":"Redistribution (election)","score":0.6842219829559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5302533507347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascading-failure","display_name":"Cascading failure","score":0.5092055201530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-modelling","display_name":"Stochastic modelling","score":0.4515478014945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.44753456115722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4448951780796051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.4259587228298187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.4165525734424591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.33752506971359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3157990276813507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.24905195832252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2210313379764557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21107140183448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16257351636886597}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.8531978130340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74080474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7305975","display_name":"Redistribution (election)","level":3,"score":0.6842219829559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5302533507347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119323957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048226","display_name":"Cascading failure","level":4,"score":0.5092055201530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127491075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617825","display_name":"Stochastic modelling","level":2,"score":0.4515478014945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.44753456115722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4448951780796051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.4259587228298187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4165525734424591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33752506971359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3157990276813507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.24905195832252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2210313379764557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21107140183448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16257351636886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3076892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3076892","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09420052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:USBKOELN.ub.uni-koeln.de:57719","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400371","display_name":"K\u00f6lner Universit\u00e4ts PublikationsServer (Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210115942","host_organization_name":"Rhenish Institute for Environmental Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115942"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:077fa84cadf148ef9e83c1cafd194f5e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/077fa84cadf148ef9e83c1cafd194f5e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 67364-67378 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3076892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3076892","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09420052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6187628435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VH-NG-1025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320876","funder_display_name":"Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6858340504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"03EK3055B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320876","display_name":"Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/0281dp749"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3161383875.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3161383875.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653925602","https://openalex.org/W1512593738","https://openalex.org/W1571403844","https://openalex.org/W1595344052","https://openalex.org/W1966994480","https://openalex.org/W1974573143","https://openalex.org/W1983818142","https://openalex.org/W2012275634","https://openalex.org/W2035579008","https://openalex.org/W2041832602","https://openalex.org/W2062730632","https://openalex.org/W2071718780","https://openalex.org/W2072251439","https://openalex.org/W2076376395","https://openalex.org/W2091322850","https://openalex.org/W2092184130","https://openalex.org/W2100929550","https://openalex.org/W2106253517","https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2120483528","https://openalex.org/W2122286097","https://openalex.org/W2124877156","https://openalex.org/W2128600589","https://openalex.org/W2142702648","https://openalex.org/W2145742480","https://openalex.org/W2167886900","https://openalex.org/W2248847725","https://openalex.org/W2264709743","https://openalex.org/W2280707639","https://openalex.org/W2294104245","https://openalex.org/W2343662311","https://openalex.org/W2464683728","https://openalex.org/W2467645488","https://openalex.org/W2543160754","https://openalex.org/W2543274172","https://openalex.org/W2561933075","https://openalex.org/W2609399436","https://openalex.org/W2616591171","https://openalex.org/W2622534657","https://openalex.org/W2755628595","https://openalex.org/W2796365873","https://openalex.org/W2804795558","https://openalex.org/W2805137640","https://openalex.org/W2888907401","https://openalex.org/W2901577110","https://openalex.org/W2904031088","https://openalex.org/W2962802217","https://openalex.org/W2963677627","https://openalex.org/W2971981837","https://openalex.org/W2996864509","https://openalex.org/W3015098860","https://openalex.org/W3043805668","https://openalex.org/W3083322460","https://openalex.org/W3084352148","https://openalex.org/W3088031088","https://openalex.org/W3100116198","https://openalex.org/W3104112086","https://openalex.org/W3106433268","https://openalex.org/W4238452917","https://openalex.org/W4239584046","https://openalex.org/W4297704056","https://openalex.org/W4405879044","https://openalex.org/W6696925993","https://openalex.org/W6738840005","https://openalex.org/W6782847648","https://openalex.org/W6947922035"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045160738","https://openalex.org/W2042280983","https://openalex.org/W2321888438","https://openalex.org/W2888652631","https://openalex.org/W1995427843","https://openalex.org/W2369445029","https://openalex.org/W2026456043","https://openalex.org/W1987284827","https://openalex.org/W4320063126","https://openalex.org/W2417662900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cascades":[0],"of":[1,23,39,49,78,87,100,131,150,157],"failures":[2],"are":[3,64],"among":[4],"the":[5,21,29,37,47,129,147],"biggest":[6],"threats":[7],"to":[8,32],"supply":[9],"networks":[10,140],"such":[11],"as":[12,116,118],"power":[13,51,158],"grids:":[14],"An":[15],"initially":[16],"failing":[17],"element":[18],"may":[19],"trigger":[20,123],"failure":[22],"other":[24],"elements,":[25],"thereby":[26],"eventually":[27],"causing":[28],"entire":[30],"network":[31,69],"collapse.":[33],"Here,":[34],"we":[35,59],"analyse":[36],"statistics":[38,130],"Line":[40],"Outage":[41],"Distribution":[42],"Factors":[43],"(LODFs),":[44],"which":[45],"describe":[46],"rerouting":[48],"electric":[50],"flows":[52],"after":[53],"a":[54,83,91,97,135,143],"line":[55],"failure.":[56],"In":[57],"particular,":[58],"demonstrate":[60,127],"that":[61,74,128],"absolute":[62],"LODFs":[63],"approximately":[65],"log-normally":[66],"distributed":[67],"throughout":[68,138],"topologies.":[70],"We":[71],"then":[72],"illustrate":[73],"this":[75],"log-normal":[76],"distribution":[77,86],"redistribution":[79,114,132],"factors":[80,133],"results":[81,126],"in":[82,90,154],"heavy":[84,151],"tailed":[85,152],"outage":[88,159],"sizes":[89],"simplified,":[92],"stochastic":[93,107],"cascade":[94,103,108],"model":[95,104],"over":[96],"certain":[98],"range":[99],"parameters.":[101],"This":[102],"extends":[105],"previous":[106],"models":[109],"by":[110],"adding":[111],"more":[112,120],"realistic":[113,121],"mechanisms":[115],"well":[117],"including":[119],"initial":[122],"events.":[124],"Our":[125],"is":[134],"fundamental":[136],"trait":[137],"different":[139],"and":[141],"presents":[142],"possible":[144],"explanation":[145],"for":[146],"vast":[148],"occurrence":[149],"distributions":[153],"real-world":[155],"reanalyses":[156],"sizes.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}