{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157894895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3076371","title":"A Comparison of Wireless Standards in IoT for Indoor Localization Using LoPy","display_name":"A Comparison of Wireless Standards in IoT for Indoor Localization Using LoPy","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157894895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3076371","mag":"3157894895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3076371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3076371","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09417237.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09417237.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051459666","display_name":"Fasih Ullah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3743-9001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fasih Ullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3743-9001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100778577","display_name":"Muhammad Awais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7119-7945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Awais","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7119-7945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020213187","display_name":"Muhammad Babar Rasheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9911-0693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Babar Rasheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1de Henares, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9911-0693","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1de Henares, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072798760","display_name":"Bilal Masood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-0901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Masood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University (C9 League), Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-0901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University (C9 League), Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091859381","display_name":"Yazeed Yasin Ghadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-495X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazeed Ghadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-495X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2375,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88044892,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"65925","last_page":"65933"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilateration","display_name":"Trilateration","score":0.9216394424438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8067229986190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.700352132320404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6840291023254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.6527839303016663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6472592949867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5530015826225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.5484954118728638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.492964506149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4908526539802551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.422384113073349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.41367307305336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3314189016819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3147531747817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18150946497917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13385751843452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07018181681632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06866583228111267}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20832178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146298","display_name":"Trilateration","level":3,"score":0.9216394424438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8067229986190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.700352132320404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6840291023254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.6527839303016663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6472592949867249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5530015826225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776418194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638779","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","level":4,"score":0.5484954118728638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.492964506149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4908526539802551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.422384113073349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.41367307305336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3314189016819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3147531747817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18150946497917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13385751843452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07018181681632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06866583228111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3076371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3076371","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09417237.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0f0099d78bda4c7cbfdad5533bfa6abf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0f0099d78bda4c7cbfdad5533bfa6abf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 65925-65933 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3076371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3076371","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09417237.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2790503793","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51950410583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157894895.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157894895.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1893431417","https://openalex.org/W2027195132","https://openalex.org/W2029152542","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2161955777","https://openalex.org/W2204780533","https://openalex.org/W2211741815","https://openalex.org/W2330391155","https://openalex.org/W2512713736","https://openalex.org/W2535073990","https://openalex.org/W2554376373","https://openalex.org/W2555714923","https://openalex.org/W2556942171","https://openalex.org/W2557998141","https://openalex.org/W2570257322","https://openalex.org/W2619603874","https://openalex.org/W2772188068","https://openalex.org/W2784027333","https://openalex.org/W2806729898","https://openalex.org/W2896355304","https://openalex.org/W2923879853","https://openalex.org/W2966623585","https://openalex.org/W2969914599","https://openalex.org/W2996663861","https://openalex.org/W3008306575","https://openalex.org/W3008702594","https://openalex.org/W3013080795","https://openalex.org/W3022862112","https://openalex.org/W3023686478","https://openalex.org/W3036425307","https://openalex.org/W3039117183","https://openalex.org/W3040748761","https://openalex.org/W3106393161","https://openalex.org/W3131461523","https://openalex.org/W6657720606","https://openalex.org/W6688189775","https://openalex.org/W6730122267","https://openalex.org/W6730170285","https://openalex.org/W6755513429","https://openalex.org/W6791187692","https://openalex.org/W7000368391"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313562878","https://openalex.org/W3004316703","https://openalex.org/W3189461536","https://openalex.org/W4282585228","https://openalex.org/W2026217228","https://openalex.org/W1566557084","https://openalex.org/W3102458462","https://openalex.org/W3009228778","https://openalex.org/W2557547260","https://openalex.org/W1981475037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,36,108,115],"surplus":[2],"applications":[3,35],"in":[4,20,31,120],"modern":[5],"smart":[6,21],"cities":[7],"where":[8],"localization":[9,56],"of":[10,28,131,150,162,175],"indoor":[11,55,81,112,192],"environments":[12],"is":[13,46,57,125,143,154,167,188],"critical":[14],"ranging":[15],"from":[16,137],"surveillance":[17],"and":[18,42,69,106,165],"trailing":[19],"structures":[22],"to":[23,86,95,127,183],"the":[24,129,138,168],"localized":[25],"wireless":[26,61,98,186],"distribution":[27],"advertising":[29],"content":[30],"shopping":[32],"malls.":[33],"These":[34,178],"only":[37],"successful":[38],"if":[39],"a":[40,77,132],"robust":[41],"cost-effective":[43],"real-time":[44],"system":[45],"developed":[47],"for":[48,54,80,111,191],"precise":[49],"localization.":[50,82,113,193],"Another":[51],"aspect":[52],"considered":[53],"power":[58,73],"consumption.":[59],"Recent":[60],"standards":[62],"such":[63],"as":[64],"Bluetooth":[65,102],"Low":[66,103],"Energy":[67,104],"(BLE)":[68],"LoRa":[70,107,153],"consume":[71],"less":[72],"which":[74,92,97,185],"makes":[75],"them":[76],"perfect":[78],"candidate":[79],"This":[83],"work":[84],"aims":[85],"carry":[87],"out":[88,117],"an":[89,147,159,172],"experimental":[90],"evaluation":[91],"would":[93],"help":[94],"decide":[96,184],"standard":[99,187],"i.e.,":[100],"Wi-Fi,":[101],"(BLE),":[105],"most":[109,144,156],"suitable":[110],"Experiments":[114],"carried":[116],"using":[118],"trilateration":[119],"three":[121],"multiple":[122],"environments.":[123],"RSSI":[124],"used":[126,182],"calculate":[128],"coordinates":[130],"sensor":[133],"node.":[134],"Results":[135],"obtained":[136],"experiment":[139],"show":[140],"that":[141],"Wi-Fi":[142],"accurate":[145,157,170],"with":[146,158,171],"average":[148,160,173],"error":[149,161,174],"0.54":[151],"m.":[152,177],"second":[155],"0.62":[163],"m":[164],"BLE":[166],"least":[169],"0.82":[176],"results":[179],"can":[180],"be":[181],"best":[189],"suited":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}