{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158792679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074953","title":"Tweet-Based Bot Detection Using Big Data Analytics","display_name":"Tweet-Based Bot Detection Using Big Data Analytics","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158792679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074953","mag":"3158792679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074953","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410535.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410535.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081909889","display_name":"Abdelouahid Derhab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-1528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelouahid Derhab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-1528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047971823","display_name":"Rahaf Abdulaziz Alawwad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahaf Alawwad","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017411153","display_name":"Khawlah Dehwah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khawlah Dehwah","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008277736","display_name":"Noshina Tariq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-253X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36448004","display_name":"Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05yfc2w21","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36448004"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noshina Tariq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36448004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018881921","display_name":"Farrukh Aslam Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-7172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farrukh Aslam Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-7172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084235184","display_name":"Jalal Al\u2010Muhtadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-2148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jalal Al-Muhtadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-2148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":8.0381,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97436628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"65988","last_page":"66005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8097411394119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8032140731811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.789945125579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.7330003976821899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.7139061093330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.619641900062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.5842373371124268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.5591884851455688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.49912476539611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.47511038184165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.385112464427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3763710558414459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29531508684158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.1637306809425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.15016448497772217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8097411394119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8032140731811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.789945125579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.7330003976821899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.7139061093330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.619641900062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.5842373371124268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.5591884851455688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.49912476539611816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47511038184165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.385112464427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3763710558414459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29531508684158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1637306809425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.15016448497772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074953","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410535.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b63a9959710b42589ca0aafbec1751a5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b63a9959710b42589ca0aafbec1751a5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 65988-66005 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3074953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3074953","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09410535.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4985141552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP-214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5556561541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP-214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158792679.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158792679.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":102,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496632887","https://openalex.org/W1517046895","https://openalex.org/W1993081839","https://openalex.org/W1998871422","https://openalex.org/W2019151457","https://openalex.org/W2020754036","https://openalex.org/W2072715695","https://openalex.org/W2125490153","https://openalex.org/W2130216882","https://openalex.org/W2287116719","https://openalex.org/W2346875348","https://openalex.org/W2398905593","https://openalex.org/W2400967827","https://openalex.org/W2510717748","https://openalex.org/W2527862658","https://openalex.org/W2536202999","https://openalex.org/W2554337180","https://openalex.org/W2571714571","https://openalex.org/W2592516822","https://openalex.org/W2604174717","https://openalex.org/W2610773131","https://openalex.org/W2744616698","https://openalex.org/W2759330608","https://openalex.org/W2765395712","https://openalex.org/W2781979348","https://openalex.org/W2787296320","https://openalex.org/W2789983203","https://openalex.org/W2794275775","https://openalex.org/W2797351940","https://openalex.org/W2797657100","https://openalex.org/W2801288008","https://openalex.org/W2810067753","https://openalex.org/W2888755148","https://openalex.org/W2889635482","https://openalex.org/W2893495107","https://openalex.org/W2896959978","https://openalex.org/W2898177168","https://openalex.org/W2898494065","https://openalex.org/W2898690144","https://openalex.org/W2900389922","https://openalex.org/W2907352650","https://openalex.org/W2910369730","https://openalex.org/W2913330314","https://openalex.org/W2921573932","https://openalex.org/W2937643694","https://openalex.org/W2946092763","https://openalex.org/W2947214190","https://openalex.org/W2947570919","https://openalex.org/W2949072505","https://openalex.org/W2963806301","https://openalex.org/W2964229821","https://openalex.org/W2966855881","https://openalex.org/W2971520907","https://openalex.org/W2978225543","https://openalex.org/W2978320321","https://openalex.org/W2979348691","https://openalex.org/W2981025625","https://openalex.org/W2982047289","https://openalex.org/W2990592856","https://openalex.org/W2999057584","https://openalex.org/W3000118530","https://openalex.org/W3002748924","https://openalex.org/W3003185269","https://openalex.org/W3005614078","https://openalex.org/W3007655124","https://openalex.org/W3009623739","https://openalex.org/W3010115535","https://openalex.org/W3010831033","https://openalex.org/W3011025032","https://openalex.org/W3011592446","https://openalex.org/W3017345526","https://openalex.org/W3040200962","https://openalex.org/W3046569080","https://openalex.org/W3080644557","https://openalex.org/W3092540468","https://openalex.org/W3095517410","https://openalex.org/W3095604618","https://openalex.org/W3102746519","https://openalex.org/W3106206515","https://openalex.org/W3106311261","https://openalex.org/W3109610045","https://openalex.org/W3110578481","https://openalex.org/W3117906366","https://openalex.org/W3184492898","https://openalex.org/W3211081240","https://openalex.org/W4231258178","https://openalex.org/W4287627323","https://openalex.org/W4289362554","https://openalex.org/W4298252438","https://openalex.org/W6727598683","https://openalex.org/W6743971886","https://openalex.org/W6750641184","https://openalex.org/W6755321125","https://openalex.org/W6762757904","https://openalex.org/W6768579704","https://openalex.org/W6781671105","https://openalex.org/W6783964036","https://openalex.org/W6784832489","https://openalex.org/W6786655987","https://openalex.org/W6798599725","https://openalex.org/W6803591692","https://openalex.org/W7073696630"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294483539","https://openalex.org/W2378449000","https://openalex.org/W3187581118","https://openalex.org/W2938399969","https://openalex.org/W2616994865","https://openalex.org/W3143747655","https://openalex.org/W2002178493","https://openalex.org/W2901835651","https://openalex.org/W2929621094","https://openalex.org/W1996006176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Twitter":[0,20],"is":[1],"one":[2],"of":[3,14,97,133],"the":[4,95,105,125,131],"most":[5],"popular":[6],"micro-blogging":[7],"social":[8],"media":[9],"platforms":[10],"that":[11,93],"has":[12,21],"millions":[13],"users.":[15],"Due":[16],"to":[17,41,72],"its":[18],"popularity,":[19],"been":[22,68],"targeted":[23],"by":[24],"different":[25],"attacks":[26,48],"such":[27],"as":[28,43],"spreading":[29],"rumors,":[30],"phishing":[31],"links,":[32],"and":[33,49,63,78,89,107,123,127],"malware.":[34],"Tweet-based":[35],"botnets":[36],"represent":[37],"a":[38,91],"serious":[39],"threat":[40],"users":[42],"they":[44],"can":[45],"launch":[46],"large-scale":[47],"manipulation":[50],"campaigns.":[51],"To":[52],"deal":[53],"with":[54,116],"these":[55],"threats,":[56],"big":[57],"data":[58],"analytics":[59],"techniques,":[60,88],"particularly":[61],"shallow":[62,106],"deep":[64,108],"learning":[65,109],"techniques":[66,110],"have":[67],"leveraged":[69],"in":[70,130],"order":[71],"accurately":[73],"distinguish":[74],"between":[75],"human":[76],"accounts":[77],"tweet-based":[79,98,112,134],"bot":[80,99,113,135],"accounts.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83],"paper,":[84],"we":[85,121],"discuss":[86,124],"existing":[87],"provide":[90],"taxonomy":[92],"classifies":[94],"state-of-the-art":[96],"detection":[100],"techniques.":[101],"We":[102],"also":[103],"describe":[104],"for":[111],"detection,":[114],"along":[115],"their":[117],"performance":[118],"results.":[119],"Finally,":[120],"present":[122],"challenges":[126],"open":[128],"issues":[129],"area":[132],"detection.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}